Work

Neuronal Insights into LLM Attacks: Targeted Neuron Tuning for Precise and Robust Vulnerability Patching

Year: 2026

Type: conference-paper

Abstract: Despite recent advances in safety alignment, large language models (LLMs) remain highly susceptible to adversarial attacks, while the internal mechanisms behind such vulnerabilities are still poorly understood.Existing gradientbased attribution methods offer valuable interpretability for analyzing information storage and processing in LLMs.However, they are inapplicable to adversarial attacks, which typically occur in open-ended generation settings without fixed ground-truth outputs.To address these challenges, we propose a novel similaritybased gradient attribution method to identify key neurons sensitive to adversarial behaviors in open-ended generation tasks.The detected neurons, termed targeted neurons, play a critical role in safety training.Building on this neuron-level perspective, we uncover two key neuronal patterns: (i) universal neurons that are consistently exploited across multiple attack strategies, and (ii) interference neurons that hinder safety improvements when fine-tuned indiscriminately, providing mechanistic insights into the interpretability of adversarial vulnerabilities.Inspired by these findings, we propose a neuron-level defense strategy, Targeted Neuron Tuning (TNT), which selectively finetunes the identified targeted neurons for specific attacks.Experimental evaluations across multiple LLM architectures and scales demonstrate that TNT substantially improves model robustness against a wide range of jailbreak attacks, achieving safe rates exceeding 90% and even approaching 100%, while preserving general task performance, enabling precise and robust safety interventions.Warning: This paper contains example data that may be harmful.

Source: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL)

DOI: 10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1719