Little Red Dots as Intermediate Mass, Super-Eddington Engines: Insights from Type IIn Supernovae and The 1837-1856 Great Eruption of $η$ Carinae
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: JWST's Little Red Dots (LRDs) display a unique constellation of features that do not occur simultaneously in any other class of galaxies or AGN. Here we observe that many of these features find parallels in the 19th century Great Eruption (GE) of $η$ Carinae and a sub-class of supernovae (Type IIn). Drawing on these stellar phenomena -- outflows trapped by dense circumstellar gas envelopes -- we sketch a possible scenario for LRDs. Outflows from the central engine produce an enshrouding envelope of gas that may be thought of as a slow wind. This dense wind and its enormous extent produce an opacity so high that a pseudo-photosphere forms within the wind, obscuring the central engine and manifesting as a blackbody-like continuum. Radiation from the buried engine powers the system. The engine may also launch fast winds that crash into the existing envelope to generate shocks. Lines form within the wind above the photosphere -- electron scattering and absorption in the clumpy (ionized + neutral) medium account for broad wings and P-Cygni cores. A key implication is that inferences of ``overmassive black holes" may be interpreting this wind-like physics as a virial broad-line region. We propose an escape velocity argument to constrain the mass of the engine, which yields $M<10^{5} M_\odot$ for the typical LRD. The lack of variability and low surface gravity of the photosphere provide further support for intermediate mass ($M\approx10^{3-6} M_\odot$), but very luminous super-Eddington ($L_{\rm{bol}}/L_{\rm{edd}}\gtrsim5$) systems harboring a supermassive star or intermediate mass black hole. Paralleling the evolution of IIn SNe, dust production in the envelope may mark the beginnings of classical AGN. This paper explores a possible self-consistent explanation for the entire life-cycle of LRDs, from their enshrouding in dense gas to their fates as seeds of massive black holes.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Authors: Naidu, Rohan P., Matthee, Jorryt, de Graaff, Anna, Torralba, Alberto, Ashall, Chris, Katz, Harley, Chisholm, John, Brammer, Gabriel, Dessart, Luc, Eilers, Anna-Christina, Hviding, Raphael E., Jones, David O., Kokorev, Vasily, Leja, Joel, Liu, Hanpu, Liu, Zhaoran, Nandal, Devesh, Oesch, Pascal A., Ransome, Conor L., Simcoe, Robert A., Sun, Wendy Q., Weibel, Andrea, Xiao, Mengyuan
Institutions: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, University of Hawaii System, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, University of Chicago, The University of Texas at Austin, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Princeton University, University of Arizona, University of Geneva
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Space Telescope Science Institute, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation
Awards: G103270039, G1338664626, G1873308993, G1890539920, G1966362326, G2453247062, G2468512172, G253522920, G256731684, G2952690682, Cosmology in the Local Volume with Hawai'i Supernova Flows, G3388861423, G3534823121, G3614472770, G3816317015, G406396239, Phasenübergänge und Instabilitäten, G433322167, Postdoctoral Fellowships, G4648019588, G4704197846, G4776629850, G4904421384, G504380228, EPSCoR Research Fellows: NSF: Building a Duke University and University of Hawaii Collaboration for the Next Decade of Supernova Cosmology, G5568641063, G5599649393, G5709720369, Collaborative Research: The Connection between Astrophysical Transients and their Host Galaxies Across Cosmic Time, G58316358, G5875372848, G5897425255, G6273510985, G628552264, G6372401702, G6910663132, G6920222135, G7226413692, A Revolutionary New Window on the First Galaxies, G7431147399, G743399419, G7679015527, G7860271176, G8107606116, G8126697041, G8182552442, G8302625262, G8376596093, G8845438909, G8862132048
OpenAlex ID: W7166850264