Year: 2026
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: Code translation across multiple programming languages is essential yet challenging due to two vital obstacles: scarcity of parallel data paired with executable test oracles, and optimization imbalance when handling diverse language pairs.We propose BootTrans, a bootstrapping method that resolves both obstacles.Its key idea is to leverage the functional invariance and cross-lingual portability of test suites, adapting abundant pivot-language unit tests to serve as universal verification oracles for multilingual reinforcement learning (RL) training.Our method introduces a dual-pool architecture with seed and exploration pools to progressively expand training data via executionguided experience collection.Furthermore, we design a language-aware weighting mechanism that dynamically prioritizes harder translation directions based on relative performance across sibling languages, mitigating optimization imbalance.Extensive experiments on the HumanEval-X and TransCoder-Test benchmarks demonstrate substantial improvements over baseline LLMs across all translation directions, with ablation studies validating the effectiveness of both bootstrapping and weighting components.
Institution: Nanjing University
Language: English
Subfield: Information Systems
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Awards: G3137102087, G7957610226
OpenAlex ID: W7166857132