Four-Sector Cosmology (FSC): A Complex Dark Energy Field, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, and the Origin of the Cosmological Constant from Observed Matter Asymmetry δ = 0.2%
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: We present the Four-Sector Cosmology (FSC) framework, in which the totalenergy-density of the observable universe is partitioned into four components: Sec-tor I (baryonic matter, ΩI = 0.049), Sector II (positive dark energy, ΩII = 0.342),Sector III (dark matter, ΩIII = 0.268), and Sector IV (negative dark energy, ΩIV =0.340). The observed asymmetryδ ≡ ΩII −ΩIV = 0.002 (1)is shown to arise naturally from the coupling of a complex scalar dark-energy fieldΦ = |Φ|eiθ to the matter density of Sectors I and III. The vacuum of Φ is governedby a Mexican-hat potential, whose U(1) symmetry is spontaneously broken at scalev. The explicit symmetry breaking induced by matter–dark-energy coupling tiltsthe phase θ away from the perfectly symmetric value θ = π/4 by a small angleδθ ≈−0.001 rad, generating δ = 0.2% and a non-vanishing cosmological constantΛ = (8πG/c4)(ρII −|ρIV|)Vtot. (2)This mechanism provides a natural solution to the cosmological constant problemthrough near-complete cancellation of large positive and negative vacuum energies,with matter acting as the symmetry-breaking agent. Falsifiable predictions include:a mild deviation from w = −1 (wa ≈+0.003, detectable by Euclid), a near-masslessGoldstone boson (mG ≲10−28 eV), scale-dependent suppression of the matter powerspectrum, a shift in CMB acoustic peaks, and a monotonic increase of δ with cosmictime (dδ/dz > 0) that distinguishes FSC from all existing quintessence models.
Author: Katakura, Yoshitaka
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7167435868