Representing and Detecting Label Ambiguity in IMU-Based Exercise Evaluation
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Home-based physiotherapy is performed without supervision, which leads to incorrect execution and motivates systems that assess movement automatically from inertial measurement units (IMUs). Such systems assign each repetition to a category, yet a relevant share of repetitions fall near a class boundary, where even trained raters disagree. Classifiers trained with one-hot labels collapse these borderline repetitions onto a single class and discard this ambiguity. To address this, we build on label distribution learning, which represents each repetition as a distribution over classes instead of a single label. We introduce a way to construct such distributions without a large rater pool by perturbing the thresholds of a rule-based evaluation procedure to simulate rater disagreement. We train a network to reproduce these distributions with a Kullback–Leibler objective, which we call the ambiguity approach, and compare it against a one-hot cross-entropy baseline on four IMU exercise datasets. From the predicted distribution we then determine whether a repetition is ambiguous and which classes are relevant to it. The ambiguity approach matched or exceeded the baseline classification on all four datasets and detected ambiguity and the relevant classes more reliably. Representing the label distribution in the training target therefore adds information about ambiguity at no cost to classification.
Source: AI
DOI: 10.3390/ai7090356
Authors: Andreas Spilz, Heiko Oppel, Michael Munz
Language: English
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,930
Award: G446616879
OpenAlex ID: W7167643298