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Modulation of Donepezil Release Through Hydrophobic Ion- Pairing with Oleic Acid in Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Transdermal Delivery

Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Precursor liquid crystals based on unsaturated monoglycerides, with or without oleic acid (OA), exhibited anisotropy characteristic of an inverse hexagonal phase. Donepezil-loaded liquid crystalline nanodispersions (LCNs) were produced by sonication and exhibited encapsulation efficiencies of 91.3–97.9%, with the OA-containing formulation (LCN-2) displaying a smaller particle size (183.0 ± 1.5 nm), lower polydispersity (0.183 ± 0.006), and improved colloidal stability over 90 days. NMR (1H NMR, 1D NOESY/ROESY and DOSY), molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations consistently demonstrated hydrophobic ion-pair formation between donepezil and oleic acid. These molecular interactions reduced drug mobility within the lipid domains, resulting in anomalous release behavior (n = 0.79), more sustained in vitro release, and an approximately 45% higher steady-state skin flux than the control donepezil solution. Overall, hydrophobic ion-pair formation with oleic acid represents an effective strategy to modulate drug release and enhance the transdermal performance of liquid crystalline nanodispersions for donepezil delivery.
Source: ACS Omega
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,935
OpenAlex ID: W7169516802
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Cites: 69
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