Sensor-Based Monitoring of Heart-Rate Responses to Ball Type in 9–11-Year-Old Tennis Players: A Preliminary Bayesian Repeated-Measures Study
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Understanding internal load in youth tennis is essential for optimizing training strategies and ensuring healthy development. This study analyzed the influence of ball type (green vs. standard) on heart rate (HR) responses in 19 players (10.17 ± 1.1 years). Participants competed in 72 matches under a cross-over design while monitored with Wimu Pro™ Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems and Garmin HR bands. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA, incorporating biological maturation and physical activity levels as covariates. Results indicated anecdotal evidence in favor of the null model for Max HR and moderate evidence in favor of the null model for Avg HR. These findings suggest no clear evidence of a meaningful ball-type effect on acute cardiovascular responses under the short-format match-play conditions studied. Individual characteristics, particularly maturity-related indicators and habitual physical activity, appeared more informative than ball type, although their evidential support differed across heart-rate outcomes. Therefore, the acute physiological response appeared to be similar between ball conditions in this specific pilot setting, but these findings should be interpreted as preliminary rather than definitive. Overall, these findings highlight the value of sensor-based monitoring for contextualizing internal load in youth tennis and suggest that equipment transitions should be guided by individual developmental and activity-related characteristics rather than ball type alone.
Source: Sensors
DOI: 10.3390/s26144521
Language: English
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
Awards: G1016055015, G1928733348
OpenAlex ID: W7169558472