Work

Cross-Scale Correlation Analysis Between Forming Quality and Microstructural Response During SPIF of the Al 1060 Based on PEEQ-Based SSD Density Inference and EBSD Characterization

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) produces localized plastic deformation, resulting in thickness reduction, geometrical deviation, and microstructural evolution. To establish the relationship between forming quality and microstructural response, this study develops a cross-scale analysis framework integrating finite element simulation, Kocks–Mecking (K–M)-based statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density inference, metallographic observation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization. Applied to an Al 1060 truncated-cone part, the framework converts the simulated equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) into SSD density via the K–M model calibrated using the Voce hardening model and the Taylor relation. The inferred SSD density distribution is then spatially correlated with thinning rate, geometrical deviation, grain size, grain-boundary misorientation, kernel average misorientation (KAM), and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density across different forming regions. The inferred SSD density rapidly approached a saturation level of 1.55 × 1013 m−2, while the high-SSD density region progressively expanded during forming. This regional evolution was qualitatively consistent with the EBSD observations. The average grain size decreased from 30.4 μm to 21.9 μm, and the medium-angle grain-boundary fraction increased from 10.3% to 34.5%. Regionally, thickness reduction correlates strongly with PEEQ accumulation, SSD storage, and grain refinement, whereas geometrical deviation is more closely related to early-stage deformation heterogeneity. These findings provide a physically based route for predicting and controlling SPIF accuracy.

Source: Materials

DOI: 10.3390/ma19143152