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A retrospective cohort data-linkage study of secondary healthcare use prior to late blood-borne virus diagnosis in Scotland – A missed opportunity for earlier diagnosis?

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set global goals to eliminate AIDS and viral hepatitis as public health threats. To better target testing, intelligence on missed opportunities for early diagnosis is needed. We determined hospital and emergency department (ED) attendance before late diagnosis of blood-borne viruses (BBVs) in Scotland 5 years to 2 months prior to diagnosis. Late diagnoses were defined as: CD4 count <350 cells/cmm within 90 days of HIV diagnosis; presentation/death from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma within 1 year of hepatitis C (HCV)/hepatitis B (HBV) diagnosis. Associations were assessed using logistic regression. Among 543 people diagnosed with HIV 37% were late and 2% of people diagnosed with HCV (4,379) and HBV (1,608) were late. Among late diagnoses: 44.1% of HIV, 60.6% of HCV, and 50% of HBV cases previously attended ED and 27.0% of HIV, 46.5% of HCV, and >30% of HBV cases were previously admitted to hospital. The majority were admitted to hospital or attended ED multiple times. Among people newly diagnosed with HIV, those diagnosed late were more likely to have previously attended ED (aOR: 1.41, CI: 0.99-2.02). Further effort is warranted to address the frequent missed opportunities for earlier BBV diagnosis in secondary care.

Source: Epidemiology and Infection

DOI: 10.1017/s0950268826101897