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Effects of an embodied cognitive learning-based inductive venipuncture arm simulator on nursing internship trainees’ learning achievement, motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study developed an inductive venipuncture arm simulator (IVPAS) based on embodied cognitive theory for healthcare providers to enhance their learning and experience of venipuncture skills. The IVPAS integrated a highly adopted simulated arm model, which is available on the market, with customized simulated blood vessels. Equipped with a touch-sensitive device, the IVPAS offered feedback on the proper angle of insertion and vein location, enabling trainees to safely practice venipuncture techniques in a realistic setting. In addition, this system simulated unexpected occurrences that could arise during venipuncture, such as fainting and nerve injury, to enhance trainees’ capacity to respond effectively in real-time situations. This study adopted a mixed-methods design to examine the effectiveness of the IVPAS learning approach in venipuncture training for nursing internship trainees. It was applied to simulated venipuncture training for nursing internship trainees at a medical college. This study analyzed the learning achievement, learning motivation, self-efficacy, performance in the direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) assessment, anxiety levels, and interview results among nursing internship trainees. Higher post-intervention scores were observed for trainees’ learning achievement, learning motivation, and self-efficacy. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in their anxiety levels. These findings suggest that the IVPAS, as a tool grounded in embodied cognitive learning, not only facilitated nursing internship trainees’ mastery of venipuncture skills, but was also associated with higher learning motivation and self-efficacy. Additionally, reduced anxiety was observed during the learning process.

Source: BMC Medical Education

DOI: 10.1186/s12909-026-10000-8

Authors: Shan-Shan Hsieh, Gwo-Jen Hwang, Yu-Kai Sung, Hsin Huang

Institutions: Tri-Service General Hospital, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, National Taichung University of Education, Yuan Ze University, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science

Language: English

Topic: Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare

Subfield: Physiology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDGs: Good health and well-being, Quality education

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,990