Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 2,500 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at lastexam.ai
Source: Nature
Authors: Long Phan, Alice Gatti, Nathaniel Li, Adam Khoja, Ryan Kim, Richard Ren, Jason Hausenloy, Oliver Zhang, Mantas Mazeika, Dan Hendrycks, Scale AI, Ziwen Han, Josephina Hu, Hugh Zhang, Chen Bo Calvin Zhang, Mohamed Shaaban, John Ling, Sean Shi, Michael Choi, Anish Agrawal, Arnav Chopra, Aakaash Nattanmai, Gordon McKellips, Anish Cheraku, Asim Suhail, Ethan Luo, Marvin Deng, Jason Luo, Ashley Zhang, Kavin Jindel, Jay Paek, Kasper Halevy, Allen Baranov, Michael Liu, Advaith Avadhanam, David Zhang, Vincent Cheng, Brad Ma, Evan Fu, Liam Do, Joshua Lass, Hubert Yang, Surya Sunkari, Vishruth Bharath, Violet Ai, James Leung, Rishit Agrawal, Alan Zhou, Kevin Chen, Tejas Kalpathi, Ziqi Xu, Gavin Wang, Tyler Xiao, Erik Maung, Sam Lee, Ryan Yang, Roy Yue, Ben Zhao, Julia Yoon, Xiangwan Sun, Aryan Singh, Clark Peng, Tyler Osbey, Taozhi Wang, Daryl Echeazu, Timothy Wu, Spandan Patel, Vidhi Kulkarni, Vijaykaarti Sundarapandiyan, Andrew Le, Zafir Nasim, Srikar Yalam, Ritesh Kasamsetty, Soham Samal, David Sun, Nihar Shah, Abhijeet Saha, Alex Zhang, Leon Nguyen, Laasya Nagumalli, Kaixin Wang, Aidan Wu, Anwith Telluri, Summer Yue, Alexandr Wang, Dmitry Dodonov, Tung Nguyen, Jaeho Lee, Daron Anderson, Mikhail Doroshenko, Alun Cennyth Stokes, Mobeen Mahmood, Oleksandr Pokutnyi, Oleg Iskra, Jessica P. Wang, John-Clark Levin, Mstyslav Kazakov, Fiona Feng, Steven Y. Feng, Haoran Zhao, Michael Yu, Varun Gangal, Chelsea Zou, Zihan Wang, Serguei Popov, Robert Gerbicz, Geoff Galgon, Johannes Schmitt, Will Yeadon, Yongki Lee, Scott Sauers, Alvaro Sanchez, Fabian Giska, Marc Roth, Søren Riis, Saiteja Utpala, Noah Burns, Gashaw M. Goshu, Mohinder Maheshbhai Naiya, Chidozie Agu, Zachary Giboney, Antrell Cheatom, Francesco Fournier-Facio, Sarah-Jane Crowson, Lennart Finke, Zerui Cheng, Jennifer Zampese, Ryan G. Hoerr, Mark Nandor, Hyunwoo Park, Tim Gehrunger, Jiaqi Cai, Ben McCarty, Alexis C. Garretson, Edwin Taylor, Damien Sileo, Qiuyu Ren, Usman Qazi, Lianghui Li, Jungbae Nam, John B. Wydallis, Pavel Arkhipov, Jack Wei Lun Shi, Aras Bacho, Chris G. Willcocks, Hangrui Cao, Sumeet Motwani, Emily de Oliveira Santos, Johannes Veith, Edward Vendrow, Doru Cojoc, Kengo Zenitani, Joshua Robinson, Longke Tang, Yuqi Li, Joshua Vendrow, Natanael Wildner Fraga, Vladyslav Kuchkin, Andrey Pupasov Maksimov, Pierre Marion, Denis Efremov, Jayson Lynch, Kaiqu Liang, Aleksandar Mikov, Andrew Gritsevskiy, Julien Guillod, Gözdenur Demir, Dakotah Martinez, Ben Pageler, Kevin Zhou, Saeed Soori, Ori Press, Henry Tang, Paolo Rissone, Sean R. Green, Lina Brüssel, Moon Twayana, Aymeric Dieuleveut, Joseph Marvin Imperial, Ameya Prabhu, Jinzhou Yang, Nick Crispino, Arun Rao, Dimitri Zvonkine, Gabriel Loiseau, Mikhail Kalinin, Marco Lukas, Ciprian Manolescu, Nate Stambaugh, Subrata Mishra, Tad Hogg, Carlo Bosio, Brian P. Coppola, Julian Salazar, Jaehyeok Jin, Rafael Sayous, Stefan Ivanov, Philippe Schwaller, Shaipranesh Senthilkumar, Andres M. 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Gonçalves, Wei Hu, Kaushik Bar, Ondrej Bohdal, Atharv Singh Patlan, Shehzaad Dhuliawala, Caroline Geirhos, Julien Wist, Yuval Kansal, Bingsen Chen, Kutay Tire, Atak Talay Yücel, Brandon Christof, Veerupaksh Singla, Zijian Song, Sanxing Chen, Jiaxin Ge, Kaustubh Ponkshe, Isaac Park, Tianneng Shi, Martin Q. Ma, Joshua Mak, Sherwin Lai, Antoine Moulin, Zhuo Cheng, Zhanda Zhu, Ziyi Zhang, Vaidehi Patil, Ketan Jha, Qiutong Men, Jiaxuan Wu, Tianchi Zhang, Bruno Hebling Vieira, Alham Fikri Aji, Jae-Won Chung, Mohammed Mahfoud, Ha Thi Hoang, Marc Sperzel, Wei Hao, Kristof Meding, Sihan Xu, Vassilis Kostakos, Davide Manini, Yueying Liu, Christopher Toukmaji, Eunmi Yu, Arif Engin Demircali, Zhiyi Sun, Ivan Dewerpe, Hongsen Qin, Roman Pflugfelder, James Bailey, Johnathan Morris, Ville Heilala, Sybille Rosset, Zishun Yu, Peter E. Chen, Woongyeong Yeo, Eeshaan Jain, Sreekar Chigurupati, Julia Chernyavsky, Sai Prajwal Reddy, Subhashini Venugopalan, Hunar Batra, Core Francisco Park, Hieu Tran, Guilherme Maximiano, Genghan Zhang, Yizhuo Liang, Hu Shiyu, Rongwu Xu, Rui Pan, Siddharth Suresh, Ziqi Liu, Samaksh Gulati, Songyang Zhang, Peter Turchin, Christopher W. Bartlett, Christopher R. Scotese, Phuong M. Cao, Ben Wu, Jacek Karwowski, Davide Scaramuzza
Institutions: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Edinburgh, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Washington University in St. Louis, Centre Inria de l'Université de Lille, George Mason University, Texas A&M University, Brown University, McGill University, Kyiv School of Economics, Institute of Mathematics, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Washington, RWTH Aachen University, University of Cambridge, École Normale Supérieure - PSL, Sorbonne Université, Département de mathématiques et applications, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, ANGE: Analyse Numérique, Géophysique et Environnement, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Queen's University, Novo Nordisk (Denmark), Princeton University, University of California San Diego, University of Chicago, University of California, Berkeley, Universidade do Porto, Eötvös Loránd University, ETH Zurich, Durham University, Georgia Southern University, University of Minnesota, Queen Mary University of London, Microsoft (United States), Auckland University of Technology, Alberta Health Services, University of Illinois Chicago, MAGNET: Machine Learning in Information Networks, University of Canterbury, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Seoul National University, Konkuk University, Accenture (United States), Tufts University, Jackson Laboratory, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique, University of British Columbia, Laboratoire de Mathématiques d'Orsay, Ross University School of Medicine, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Concordia University, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, National University of Singapore, California Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, Universidade de São Paulo, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Columbia University, University of Southern California, Stony Brook University, University of Luxembourg, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rockwell Automation (United States), University of Toronto, University of Tübingen, Sapienza University of Rome, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University of North Texas, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, National University, University of Bath, Maastricht University, University of California, Los Angeles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Leibniz University Hannover, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, University of Michigan, Google DeepMind (United Kingdom), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, PeopleTec (United States), Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, University of Miami, Technische Universität Berlin, University of Manchester, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, University of Calgary, Universidad Iberoamericana, TU Wien, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Yale University, The University of Western Australia, New York University, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, University of Waterloo, University of Maryland, College Park, Manhattan School of Music, Leiden University, The Open University, Corteva (United States), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Yonsei University, Harvard University, Cornell University, University of Leeds, Arizona State University, Swinburne University of Technology, KU Leuven, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, St. Petersburg College, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Ruhr University Bochum, National Information Processing Institute, Charles University, Cranfield University, University of Copenhagen, The University of Sydney, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Universidad de Buenos Aires, University of Technology Sydney, Indiana State University, Australian National University, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, DELL (United States), University of Amsterdam, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Cohere (Canada), University of Pennsylvania, Aalto University, Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Northeastern University, Case Western Reserve University, University of Windsor, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Rochester Institute of Technology, Emory University, Anthropic (United States), European Organization for Nuclear Research, University of California, Santa Barbara, Warsaw University of Technology, Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States), North Carolina State University, University of Houston, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, University of Arizona, University of Lisbon, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Duke University, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, University College London, University of Zurich, University of Padua, Boston University, Royal Veterinary College, Instituto Superior Técnico, The Ohio State University, Université de Montréal, Cairo University, Cairo University hospitals, Universitat de València, Monash University, Van Andel Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Canadian University of Dubai, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Milano-Bicocca, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Virginia Tech, University of Geneva, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, Google (United States), California Polytechnic State University, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, University of Mannheim, Stockholm University, Eastern Idaho Technical College, King Saud University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Johns Hopkins University, Université de Montpellier, Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Individualisierte Medizintechnik, University of Pisa, Georgia State University, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, University of Oregon, Drexel University, University of Mumbai, Gakushuin University, University of Guelph, Intuit (United States), Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Hospital for Sick Children, Temple University, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, Saint Mary's University, Cisco Systems (United States), Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Banaras Hindu University, Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées de l'École polytechnique, Heka : Méthodes basées sur les données et modèles en santé pour l'acquisition de connaissances, The University of Texas at Arlington, University of Vienna, Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București, Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway, Eastern Institute of Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Universität Hamburg, Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Universidad de Morón, Université Paris Cité, Politecnico di Milano, The New School, University of California, Santa Cruz, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, OpenAI (United States), Universidad de Granada, Heidelberg University, La Trobe University, Université de Yaoundé I, Universität Innsbruck, Chalmers University of Technology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, University of Bradford, Beni-Suef University, Boğaziçi University, Mansoura University, University of Bristol, University of Oklahoma, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Florida Atlantic University, Bournemouth University, University of Warwick, University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Hertfordshire, OncoPrecision (United States), Central College, Nottingham Trent University, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Virginia, Dartmouth College, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias, James Madison University, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Rice University, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Saarland University, HUTECH University, École Polytechnique, National Technological University, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, John Crane (United States), The Alan Turing Institute, Puducherry Technological University, Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Royal Holloway University of London, Tanta University, University of Malaya, Mohamed I University, Northern Illinois University, Bethune-Cookman University, University of California, Irvine, Central Mindanao University, University of the Fraser Valley, Missouri University of Science and Technology, CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RMIT University, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Trento, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Chulalongkorn University, Aligarh Muslim University, Menoufia University, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, University of Bologna, Manipal University Jaipur, The University of Texas at Austin, Murdoch University, University of Delaware, Williams College, Perimeter Institute, University of Maribor, Brigham and Women's Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Aalborg University, Imperial College London, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy, Delft University of Technology, Scripps Research Institute, Atilim University, Leonardo (Italy), Complexity Science Hub, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Saxion, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Adobe Systems (United States), National Aerospace University – Kharkiv Aviation Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Bern, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Groningen, Jagiellonian University, Universitat Politècnica de València, Royal Bank of Canada, Mayo Clinic, University of Lausanne, Dalhousie University, Universitat de Lleida, Amazon (United States), University of Seoul, University of Auckland, Morgridge Institute for Research, Korea University of Technology and Education, University of California, Davis, Baylor College of Medicine, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Purdue University West Lafayette, Utrecht University, University of Klagenfurt, Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Universidad del Valle, Bilkent University, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, The University of Melbourne, Ankara University, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Technical University of Munich, Providence College, University of Jyväskylä, Weizmann Institute of Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University, Nanyang Technological University, University of Sheffield
Language: English
Topic: Topic Modeling
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $12,690
OpenAlex ID: W4406840771