Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: This study analyzes the techniques used by malicious actors to compromise online freedom in Kenya. It explores the impact of phishing, hacking, social engineering, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and software vulnerabilities on activists, journalists, and internet users. The study highlights the gaps in cybersecurity measures and the evolving threats in Kenya’s digital landscape. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, targeting 400 respondents, including cybersecurity professionals, digital rights advocates, activists, and policymakers. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, with Likert-scale assessments and open-ended responses. Secondary data from scholarly sources supplemented the findings. The study was guided by the Routine Activity Theory (RAT) to assess how weak digital defenses increase vulnerability to cyber threats. The study found that 68.6% of respondents had experienced hacking, 68.7% phishing, and 58.8% malware attacks, significantly affecting online freedom. Social engineering was identified as the most effective method, with DoS attacks and software exploitation further restricting digital rights. Weak enforcement of cybersecurity laws and low digital literacy exacerbated these threats. The study recommends enhanced cybersecurity policies, improved digital literacy programs, and stricter law enforcement mechanisms. Collaboration between government agencies, private sector entities, and digital rights organizations is crucial to safeguarding online freedom in Kenya.
Author: Anthony Luvanda
Institutions: National Defence University, National Defence University
Language: English
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7171594046