Nanomaterials for Enzyme Immobilization: Green Preparation Approaches, Characterization and Biotechnological Applications
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Enzyme immobilization on nanomaterials has become an effective approach for improving enzyme stability, reusability and catalytic performance compared with free enzymes. Nanomaterials provide favorable surface characteristics that enhance enzyme loading while maintaining catalytic activity. Among the available supports, biodegradable polymers such as chitosan and alginate have gained particular interest because they can be synthesized using environmental friendly methods under mild conditions. Other nanomaterials, including magnetic, carbon-based, silica and metal nanoparticles, further expand the scope of immobilized enzyme systems for diverse biotechnological applications. This review summarizes recent advances in sustainable nanomaterial preparation, enzyme immobilization strategies and characterization techniques used to evaluate enzyme–nanomaterial hybrids. It also highlights their applications in biofuel production, wastewater treatment, dye degradation, food processing, biosensing, environmental remediation and plastic degradation. Finally, review discusses current challenges and future research directions for developing efficient, reusable and sustainable nanobiocatalytic systems for industrial and environmental applications.
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7172339153