Dynamics and geometry of the inner sub-parsec-scale jet in 3C 279 observed with the Event Horizon Telescope
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations resolve the innermost jet region of the blazar 3C 279 with unprecedented detail. The reconstructed images consistently reveal a compact core elongated nearly orthogonal to the large-scale jet axis. This rarely observed morphology recurs across multiple epochs and from 22–230 GHz and is therefore intrinsic rather than an imaging artifact. Geometric model fitting identifies several components with apparent speeds up to β app ∼ 10, requiring bulk Lorentz factors Γ ≳ 10.3 and constraining viewing angles to extremely small values (≲1°). Rest-frame brightness temperatures are systematically low ( T B ∼ 10 9 –10 10 K), consistent with optically thin emission at 230 GHz. These results suggest that the jet bends toward the observer on sub-parsec scales, producing strong relativistic beaming. Possible drivers of the observed jet bending and temporal evolution include the jet’s interaction with the interstellar medium, kink or Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, magnetic reconnection near the horizon, or binary-induced precession. However, the current temporal coverage of VLBI data remains insufficient to distinguish between these mechanisms. Continued multifrequency VLBI monitoring will be essential to constraining the dynamics and geometry of the jet base in 3C 279.
Source: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: Hendrik Müller, Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg, Ai-Ling Zeng, Paul Tiede, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Roman Gold, Tuomas Savolainen, Jae-Young Kim, Sijia Peng, Teresa Toscano, Michael Janssen, Boris Georgiev, Dhanya G. Nair, Iniyan Natarajan, Lindy Blackburn, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Rohan Ganesh Amanaganti, Richard Anantua, Eleni Antonopoulou, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Bidisha Bandyopadhyay, John Barrett, Michi Bauböck, Bradford A. Benson, Dan Bintley, Raymond Blundell, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Roger Brissenden, Silke Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Dominique Broguiere, Thomas Bronzwaer, Sandra Bustamante, Douglas F. Carlos, John E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi-kwan Chan, Chin-Shin Chang, Dominic O. Chang, Koushik Chatterjee, Erandi Chavez, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Paul Chichura, Ilje Cho, Nicholas S. Conroy, John E. Conway, Thomas M. Crawford, Geoffrey B. Crew, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Yuzhu Cui, Brandon Curd, Rohan Dahale, Jordy Davelaar, Joost de Kleuver, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jason Dexter, Vedant Dhruv, Indu K. Dihingia, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Sergio A. Dzib, Razieh Emami, Heino Falcke, Joseph Farah, Vincent L. Fish, Edward Fomalont, H. Alyson Ford, Marianna Foschi, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, Antonio Fuentes, Peter Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Ciriaco Goddi, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Brissa Gomez Miller, José L. Gómez, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Daryl Haggard, Ronald Hesper, Dirk Heumann, Luis C. Ho, Paul Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang, David H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, Yuhei Iwata, David J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana Jorstad, Adam C. Jones, Abhishek V. Joshi, Taehyun Jung, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Dong-Jin Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kim, Motoki Kino, Jakob Knollmüller, Jun Yi Koay, Prashant Kocherlakota, Yutaro Kofuji, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Kramer, Cheng-Yu Kuo, Noemi La Bella, Deokhyeong Lee, Sang-Sung Lee, Aviad Levis, Shaoliang Li, Zhiyuan Li, Rocco Lico, Greg Lindahl, Michael Lindqvist, Mikhail Lisakov, Jun Liu, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, Andrei P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, Colin J. Lonsdale, Amy E. Lowitz, Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Jirong Mao, Nicola Marchili, Sera Markoff, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M. Menten, Hugo Messias, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Joshua Montgomery, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Moscibrodzka, Wanga Mulaudzi, Cornelia Müller, Alejandro Mus, Gibwa Musoke, Ioannis Myserlis, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Gopal Narayanan, Antonios Nathanail, Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Joey Neilsen, Chunchong Ni, Andy Nilipour, Michael A. Nowak, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Raúl Olivares Sánchez, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Georgios Filippos Paraschos, Jongho Park, Harriet Parsons, Nimesh Patel, Ue-Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, Vincent Piétu, Alexander Plavin, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Cora Prather, Giacomo Principe, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Alexandra Rahlin, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Luciano Rezzolla, Angelo Ricarte, Luca Ricci, Bart Ripperda, Jan Röder, Freek Roelofs, Cristina Romero-Cañizales, Eduardo Ros, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L. Roy, Ignacio Ruiz, Chet Ruszczyk, Kazi L. J. Rygl, León D. S. Salas, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, Miguel Sánchez-Portal, Ali SaraerToosi, Mahito Sasada, Kaushik Satapathy, Saurabh, Karl-Friedrich Schuster, Zhiqiang Shen, Sasikumar Silpa, Randall Smith, Bong Won Sohn, Jason SooHoo, Kamal Souccar, Joshua S. Stanway, He Sun, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torne, Efthalia Traianou, Sascha Trippe, Matthew Turk, Akhil Uniyal, Ilse van Bemmel, Bram van den Berg, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jesse Vos, Jan Wagner, Zhiren Wang, Derek Ward-Thompson, John Wardle, Jasmin E. Washington, Jonathan Weintroub, Maciek Wielgus, Kaj Wiik, Michael F. Wondrak, George N. Wong, Jompoj Wongphexhauxsorn, Qingwen Wu, Paul Yamaguchi, Aristomenis Yfantis, Doosoo Yoon, André Young, Ziri Younsi, Wei Yu, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Yuan, J. Anton Zensus, Shuo Zhang, Brandon Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao
Institutions: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, University of Toronto, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Harvard University, Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian, University of Southern Denmark, Heidelberg University, Centre for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology, Aalto University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Radboud University Nijmegen, University of Arizona, University of Concepción, SKA Observatory, Heriot-Watt University, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Universitat de València, University of Malaya, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Rice University, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Academy of Athens, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Chicago, East Asian Observatory, California Institute of Technology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, University of Waterloo, Perimeter Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, Princeton University, University of Geneva, University of Maryland, College Park, Kyungpook National University, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Central China Normal University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, University of Naples Federico II, University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University, University of Pretoria, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, Ningbo University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Google (United States), Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Würzburg, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Cagliari, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari, Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, National Institute for Astrophysics, Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación, Nagoya City University, Trottier Space Institute at McGill, McGill University, University of Groningen, Peking University, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, The University of Tokyo, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Leiden University, Leiden Observatory, Applied Materials (United States), University of Turku, Boston University, Korea University of Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Kogakuin University, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Niigata University, University of Amsterdam, National Sun Yat-sen University, Nanjing University, Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, National Taiwan University, University of Mississippi, Yunnan Observatories, University of Cambridge, European Southern Observatory, Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array, European Southern Observatory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Hachinohe National College of Technology, Villanova University, Washington University in St. Louis, Centro de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Matemática e Aplicações, University of Aveiro, Georgia Institute of Technology, Kyung Hee University, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, National Taiwan Normal University, Tampere University, Trinity College, Trinity College Dublin, New Uzbekistan University, Hiroshima University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, University of Lancashire, University of Lethbridge, Tohoku University, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Seoul National University, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, KU Leuven, Brandeis University, Institute for Advanced Study, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, University College London, Fudan University, University of Science and Technology of China, Michigan State University
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,865
Funders: National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Simons Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, University of Chicago, University of Arizona, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, CERN, Netherlands eScience Center, Space Telescope Science Institute, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, POSCO TJ Park Foundation, International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Flatiron Health, Government of Canada, Leverhulme Trust, European Commission, National Research Foundation, University of Pretoria, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Canada Research Chairs, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Academia Sinica, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kyungpook National University, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Generalitat Valenciana, University of Toronto, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, National Research Foundation of Korea, A.G. Leventis Foundation, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Vetenskapsrådet, Ministry of Education, India, China Scholarship Council, European Southern Observatory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Vlaamse regering, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea, Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, National Science and Technology Council, Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada, Institut Périmètre de physique théorique, East Asian Core Observatories Association, Toray Science Foundation, Office of Science, National Nuclear Security Administration, Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Office of International Science and Engineering, High Energy Physics, Astrophysics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Compute Ontario, NextGenerationEU
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