A Heterogeneous Distributed Architecture for Quantum Simulation

Year: 2026

Type: preprint

Abstract: Architectural specialization and distribution can help scale fault-tolerant quantum computers, but may also introduce substantial overheads from communication, routing, and resource duplication. We introduce a heterogeneous distributed architecture in which a magic core is connected to an extensible storage system composed of one-dimensional lanes of specialized cold-storage nodes. The storage system supports parallel random access to Pauli string parities. This organization is particularly well suited to fermionic quantum simulation, enabling parallel execution of the highly non-local Pauli strings arising from these systems. We evaluate the architecture on fault-tolerant simulations of the dynamics of the Fermi-Hubbard and sparse Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) models on systems of up to 450 logical qubits. These workloads exhibit complementary communication structures: Fermi-Hubbard produces a spectrum of interactions from local to non-local shaped by lattice geometry, whereas sparse SYK produces highly non-local and overlapping Pauli operators. For a Trotter step of a 450-logical-qubit Fermi-Hubbard workload, a six-lane system with 30 T-state factories is within approximately $1.4\times$ the wall-clock time of a homogeneous distributed architecture with 4 times as many T-state factories and substantially greater connectivity and sites for injecting magic. For matched T-factory counts, our architecture is $\sim 2\times$ faster.

Source: arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2608.09215

Authors: Stack, John, Liu, Sitong, Anand, Abhinav, Monga, Inder, Liu, Yuan, Saglamyurek, Erhan, Lopes, Pedro L. S., Mueller, Frank, Klymko, Katherine

Institutions: North Carolina State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Duke University, QuEra Computing (United States)

Topic: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture

Subfield: Artificial Intelligence

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: green

Funders: National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

OpenAlex ID: W7202165307