Vertical Excitation Energies in Solution via a Two-Time-Scale Solvation Model Coupled to Pair-Density Functional Theory
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Calculations of many electronically excited states in solution require both a multiconfigurational treatment of the solute and an efficient treatment of solvent effects. Multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) and its multistate, linearized extension (L-PDFT) can recover correlation beyond state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field theory (SA-CASSCF) at a fraction of the cost of multireference perturbation theory (e.g., CASPT2) or multireference configuration interaction. Here we combine MC-PDFT and L-PDFT with a nonequilibrium-treatment of the electrostatic solvation effect using the solvation model based on density (SMD). The resulting models are called MC-NSCRF-PDFT and L-NSCRF-PDFT, where NSCRF denotes the key state-specific excited-state nonequilibrium self-consistent reaction field step. We apply the new models to the solvatochromic shifts of the lowest valence excitations of formaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, and methylenecyclopropene and to the aqueous shifts of the lowest π → π* and n → π* transitions of cytosine. For vertical excitation energies in solution, MC-NSCRF-PDFT and L-NSCRF-PDFT give results that are in agreement with the far-more-expensive NSCRF model based on multistate CASPT2. These results show that MC-NSCRF-PDFT and L-NSCRF-PDFT can be used as accurate and computationally efficient methods for electronic excitation energies in the condensed phase.
Institutions: University of Chicago, University of Minnesota
Language: English
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Awards: G7471315274, G8919263680
OpenAlex ID: W7203576042