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Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: A series of non-stoichiometric BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ ($x = 0.00$, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30) tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ceramics were synthesized via solid-state reaction, cold sintering at 150$^\circ$C, and assisted sintering at 400$^\circ$C and 500$^\circ$C. XRD confirmed single-phase TTB formation. Enhanced crystallinity and sharper diffraction peaks with increasing assisted sintering temperature indicated improved grain growth and ordering. Density measurements revealed Na$^+$ substitution combined with salt-assisted processing significantly influenced densification, with BKGF-1NST$_2$ achieving the highest bulk density of 4.32g/cm$^3$. Dielectric characterization showed frequency-dependent behavior with decreasing loss at higher frequencies, while selected compositions exhibited stable dielectric response after 500$^\circ$C assisted sintering. Magnetic measurements confirmed ferrimagnetic behavior via Fe$^{3+}$-mediated interactions. BKGF-2NT$_2$ ($x = 0.20$, assisted sintered at 500$^\circ$C) delivered optimal magnetic performance: $M_s = 4.97$emug$^{-1}$, $M_r = 1.59$emug$^{-1}$, $H_c = 1435.84$Oe, attributed to optimized exchange interactions, improved crystallinity, and enhanced grain connectivity. Co-doping with cold-assisted sintering governs the structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties of TTB ceramics.

Source: Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials

DOI: 10.62762/jaem.2026.128242