Building Legitimacy from the Inside: A Representative-Bureaucracy Case for Ethnic Minority Familiarisation Programmes in Armed Policing
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Firearms command in England and Wales remains disproportionately drawn from White officers, despite decades of research linking workforce representativeness to public consent. This paper examines a Metropolitan Police Service proposal for a familiarisation programme for ethnic minority group officers considering armed specialisms, following the Women in Firearms Attachment precedent. Drawing on 95 qualitative engagements with officers and six staff support associations, three barriers were identified: underrepresentation, low psychological safety and organisational trust, and cultural and practical disincentives. These findings are read against procedural justice, self-legitimacy and representative-bureaucracy theory, and set alongside national workforce and survey data, which suggest armed officers from Black and minority ethnic backgrounds are represented at roughly thirty per cent of population parity. The paper proposes a Specialist Selection Legitimacy Impact Assessment, a twin-track legitimacy dashboard, ethnicity disaggregation of an existing national officer survey, and a recruitment-window strategy, as low-cost extensions of tools already available to leaders.
Source: CrimRxiv
Authors: Luke Benning, Paul Ford
Language: English
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7203787394
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