Work

When one size does not fit all: Phenotypic bias in noninvasive neuromodulation

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: While individual variability in response to noninvasive brain stimulation approaches like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is common, it has been assumed that there are no systematic differences between large groups of people in either suitability for or responsiveness to these forms of neuromodulation. However, in recent years, phenotypic bias, or the tendency of devices to perform differently based on physical characteristics like hair type or skin tone, has emerged as a recognized problem across scalp-based neuroscience tools [1].

Source: Brain stimulation

DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103194

Authors: Anna Wexler, Gianna M. Perez, Roy H. Hamilton

Institution: University of Pennsylvania

Language: English

Topic: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies

Subfield: Neurology

Field: Neuroscience

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $4,430