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Anthrax: Clinical Manifestations, Epidemiology, and Preventive Measures

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Anthrax is a serious zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, mainly affecting herbivorous animals but transmissible to humans through contact, inhalation, or ingestion of contaminated products. Its resilient spores persist in soil for years, causing recurring outbreaks in endemic regions. Human infection occurs in cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal forms, with inhalational anthrax being the most lethal. The bacterium’s virulence depends on a toxin complex that disrupts immune responses. Early diagnosis and prompt antibiotics greatly improve survival. Prevention relies on livestock vaccination, safe animal-product handling, and strong surveillance. Advances in molecular diagnostics and genomic monitoring are improving outbreak detection and global biosecurity preparedness.

Source: Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22044641

Author: Anmol, Anuj, Arjun Biju, Armanjeet Brar, Aryan, Arzoo Sharma, Ayush, Barath P., Bhawanapreet Kaur, Bhomik, Naveena Antony

Language: English

Topic: Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research

Subfield: Molecular Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: green

OpenAlex ID: W7203894983

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