Work

Dual-Hash Blockchain Architecture for Automated Carbon Auditing with Enhanced Privacy Protection

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Accurate carbon footprint accounting is fundamental for urban environmental governance. However, multi-stakeholder transit networks struggle with data manipulation, privacy risks, and labor-intensive manual auditing. To resolve these trust and scalability bottlenecks, this paper introduces a tri-layer hybrid blockchain framework based on an “off-chain storage, on-chain evidence” paradigm. The architecture synergizes a relational database (MySQL) for high-throughput structured data, the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for decentralized raw evidence, and Hyperledger Fabric to immutably anchor dual-layer cryptographic hashes. We engineer a smart contract auditing pipeline that autonomously executes deterministic verification of hash consistency, emission thresholds, and physical logic integrity. Empirical evaluations utilizing a large-scale urban transit dataset injected with adversarial mutations demonstrate high robustness, achieving F1-scores of 1.000 across multidimensional anomalies. This replaces manual testing with statistically significant verification. Ultimately, this framework provides environmental regulators and transit authorities with a highly scalable, privacy-preserving, and trust-minimized infrastructure for continuous carbon footprint traceability.

Source: Mathematics

DOI: 10.3390/math14173046

Authors: Cheng Qian, Fan Yang, Yuzhou Jiang, Yanan Qiao

Institutions: Xi'an Jiaotong University, Guizhou University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing University

Language: English

Topic: Blockchain Technology Applications and Security

Subfield: Information Systems

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Sustainable cities and communities, Climate action, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137