The Cross-Ratio's Sixfold Orbit: A Geometric Bridge to the Golden Ratio — E8 Intelligence Research
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: FINDING: The cross-ratio (anharmonic ratio) under the symmetric group S₃ yields exactly six values, whose orbit structure is governed by the modular group and whose fixed points include the golden ratio and its algebraic conjugates — a direct bridge between projective geometry and the golden section. | MATH: For four collinear points, the cross-ratio \( \lambda = \frac{(a-c)(b-d)}{(a-d)(b-c)} \). Under S₃ (permutations of the four points), the six distinct values are: \( \lambda, \frac{1}{\lambda}, 1-\lambda, \frac{1}{1-\lambda}, \frac{\lambda}{\lambda-1}, \frac{\lambda-1}{\lambda} \). The fixed points of the S₃ action satisfy \( \lambda = \frac{1}{1-\lambda} \) → \( \lambda^2 - \lambda + 1 = 0 \) → \( \lambda = e^{\pm i\pi/3} \) (primitive 6th roots of unity). The *harmonic* case \( \lambda = -1 \) gives the harmonic range (four points in harmonic division). The *golden* case arises when \( \lambda = \frac{1}{\lambda-1} \) → \( \lambda^2 - \lambda - 1 = 0 \) → \( \lambda = \phi = 1.61 Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com
Author: Caldin, Andrew Stewart
Language: English
Topic: Mathematics and Applications
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7204150571
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