Work

Spatial cluster randomized trials - sampling design with spillover effects & spatial dependence

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Investigators designing cluster randomized trials desire insights directing treatment assignment methodology for studies involving spillover effects and spatial dependence. Methods & Simulation: Treatment assignment strategies including simple random sampling (SRS) and block stratified sampling (BSS) are defined and spatial autoregressive modeling is applied with consideration for spillover effects and spatial dependence for estimation of intervention effects. A simulation study is carried out comparing SRS and BSS sampling methods on spatial grids of varying sizes. A range of spillover effects and levels of spatial dependence were considered for estimation of the intervention effect via a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model. Results: Findings of an extensive simulation study comparing simple random sampling and block stratification methods indicate that randomly selected treatment assignments result in best case reduced Mean Squared Error (MSE) when estimating intervention effects, but block stratified treatment assignments lead to minimal variation in MSE among a series of treatment combinations, indicating that a block stratified treatment arrangement won’t achieve the minimal level of estimation error, but it remains robust across a range of selected parameters. Even though SRS is consistent and unbiased with reduced MSE, we consider variation among all possible treatment combinations to ensure a robust result. Conclusion: The relationship between spillover effects and mean squared errors (MSE) of intervention effect estimation is apparent. The MSE for the intervention effect, which is the average MSE over each of N simulation iterations, is minimized for some combinations of random sampling treatment assignment, but block stratified assignment minimizes variance among combinations of possible treatment arrangements. In short, the SRS technique may achieve minimum average MSE in some cases, but BSS achieves respectable average estimation error with minimal variation between treatment combinations.

Source: BMC Medical Research Methodology

DOI: 10.1186/s12874-026-02968-0

Authors: Andrew Walther, Tonya Van Deinse, Feng-Chang Lin

Institution: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Language: English

Topic: Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials

Subfield: Statistics and Probability

Field: Mathematics

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,090

Funder: Bureau of Justice Assistance