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The replica dilemma: older patients’ views on virtual models made from their health data-a qualitative study

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Virtual models (digital twins, AI-simulated cohorts) built from patient data are transforming medical research, including applications in Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair, yet the ethical perspectives of older patients, who are disproportionately represented in these datasets, remain critically unexplored. This study investigated how older adults with chronic conditions understand the use of their data for virtual model construction, what concerns emerge regarding digital replicas, and what rights they believe should accompany such data use. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study employing in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 22 chronically ill patients aged ≥ 65, using a standardized plain-language explanation of virtual models, purposively sampled for diversity in diagnosis and digital literacy. Data were analyzed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five major themes emerged: (1) Conceptual opacity, limited understanding of virtual models, often conflated with clinical data use; (2) The "uncanny self", existential discomfort with an independently manipulable digital replica; (3) Consent inadequacy, recognition that past agreements cannot authorize unforeseen virtual applications; (4) The "trapped self", frustration over irreversible data integration nullifying withdrawal rights; (5) Rights reclamation, demands for notification, ongoing assent, digital deletion, use restrictions, and transparency. CONCLUSION: Older patients perceive virtual model construction as a fundamental ethical shift beyond traditional data sharing that current one-time consent frameworks cannot address. Findings provide a patient-derived rights framework to guide health policy and governance reform for the integration of AI-driven tools, including large language models, into health services involving this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Source: BMC Health Services Research

DOI: 10.1186/s12913-026-15168-9

Authors: Weimei Zhang, Xuemeng Zhu, Weizhen Hu

Institutions: First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University

Language: English

Topic: Ethics in Clinical Research

Subfield: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,290