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Green and efficient adsorption of crystal violet onto Viscum album L. biomass using taguchi optimization and process evaluation

Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: For the first time, raw Viscum album L. biomass was systematically evaluated as a novel biosorbent for crystal violet (CV) removal, optimized using a Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. The highest experimental removal efficiency of 82.37% was obtained in the Taguchi experimental matrix at pH 10, 20 mg/L, 90 min, 0.075 g, and 318 K, whereas the Taguchi optimization based on the S/N ratio predicted the optimum operating conditions as pH 10, 20 mg/L, 30 min, 0.05 g, and 318 K, yielding a validated removal efficiency of 91.45% in the independent confirmation experiment. Statistical analysis revealed pH (41.24%) and dosage (34.57%) as the most influential operational factors. Equilibrium data were best described mathematically by the Redlich-Peterson model, suggesting heterogeneous characteristics, while a maximum theoretical monolayer capacity ( \(\:{q}_{m}\) ) of 92.79 mg/g was calculated from the Langmuir isotherm at 298 K. Kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R 2 ≥ 0.9998), although this kinetic model’s fit does not confirm a specific adsorption mechanism. Low enthalpy values (ΔH° = − 18.50 kJ/mol) are suggestive of predominantly physisorption. Evaluating adsorption performance in real water matrices (tap and drinking water) highlighted its high practical relevance. Reusability studies indicated a moderate initial stability, which decreased to 38.77% removal efficiency after five consecutive cycles. Overall, combining raw V. album L. biomass with Taguchi optimization offers a low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable strategy with potential applicability to industrial wastewater treatment.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-68379-9
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,690
OpenAlex ID: W7204488458
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