Work

Mitochondrial transfer: a microenvironmental determinant of tumor evolution and therapeutic vulnerability

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix and soluble factors. Through intercellular material exchange and signaling, the TME profoundly influences tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Among the diverse forms of intercellular communication within the TME, mitochondrial transfer has garnered increasing attention. Here, we synthesize recent advances in mitochondrial transfer within the TME across three levels: transfer mechanisms, biological consequences, and therapeutic implications. We first outline the principal routes of mitochondrial transfer, including tunneling nanotubes, gap junctions, cell fusion, extracellular vesicles, and free mitochondria. We then examine how mitochondrial transfer contributes to tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and immune regulation. Finally, we discuss the emerging therapeutic opportunities and potential challenges for clinical translation. Deeper insight into mitochondrial transfer within the TME may provide new opportunities for constraining tumor evolution, overcoming treatment resistance, and developing innovative therapies.

Source: Cell Communication and Signaling

DOI: 10.1186/s12964-026-03187-2

Authors: Danfei Liu, Xiaoli Wu, Limin Xia

Institutions: Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Language: English

Topic: Mitochondrial Function and Pathology

Subfield: Molecular Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,390