Work

How Sex, Age, Adiposity, and Smoking Shape the Human Rib Cage: Evidence from 26,275 Whole-Body MRIs across the German National Cohort (NAKO)

Year: 2026

Type: preprint

Abstract: Rib-cage morphology is a determinant of thoracic biomechanics, ventilation, and injury response, yet statistical shape models (SSMs) of the rib cage have relied on small cohorts (∼100s of individuals) imaged by clinical computed tomography, which over-represents injury and disease. We constructed a surface-based SSM of the complete 24-rib cage from 26,275 standardised whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of adults aged 19–74 years from the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO). Ribs were segmented with a deep- learning pipeline (a rib-extended SPINEPS model), reconstructed as per-rib surface meshes, and brought into dense vertex-wise correspondence by Gaussian-process morphable registration in Scalismo; the aligned ensemble was summarised by generalised Procrustes analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Fourteen per-rib geometric descriptors provided a quantitative cross- walk between the abstract PCA modes and named shape features, and associations with sex, age, body size and composition (including body-fat percentage), and smoking exposure were estimated by multivariable regression with Benjamini–Hochberg false-discovery-rate control. Shape variation was strongly concentrated: 28 modes captured 95% of the total variance, and the first three alone accounted for 69.4% (PC1, 42.6%; PC2, 16.3%; PC3, 10.5%) and admitted consistent anatomical readings – a sexually dimorphic axis (PC1), a slender-versus-stout body- habitus contrast (PC2), and a free-rib-size axis at ribs 11–12 (PC3). The sexes were nearly fully separated along PC1 (Cohen’s d = 2.52). Body mass and body-fat percentage were the dominant modifiable correlates of rib-cage shape, whereas the association with cumulative smoking exposure was comparatively small. The model is released as a population-representative geometric reference for benchmarking and morphing donor-derived finite-element human-body models and for further large-cohort shape analysis.

Source: medRxiv

DOI: 10.64898/2026.09.01.26361964