Unifying Berggren Trees and Gaussian Squaring for Primitive Pythagorean Triples — E8 Intelligence Research
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: FINDING: Berggren tree generates all primitive Pythagorean triples via 3×3 integer matrix multiplication from (3,4,5); Gaussian integer squaring (a+bi)² = (a²−b²) + 2abi gives geometric interpretation as complex squaring on lattice points. MATH: - Primitive triple: x² + y² = z², gcd(x,y)=1, x odd. - Berggren matrices (3 generators): A₁ = [[1,−2,2],[2,−1,2],[2,−2,3]] A₂ = [[1,2,2],[2,1,2],[2,2,3]] A₃ = [[−1,2,2],[−2,1,2],[−2,2,3]] Each maps (x,y,z) → (x',y',z') preserving primitivity and positivity. - Gaussian integer: (a+bi)² = (a²−b²) + (2ab)i → triple (|a²−b²|, 2ab, a²+b²). - Rational points on unit circle: (x/z, y/z) = ((1−t²)/(1+t²), 2t/(1+t²)) with t = b/a rational. - Pell equation connection: z² − 2y² = ±1 appears in spiral/squared-spiral geometries. CONNECTION: - The Berggren tree is a ternary tree — a discrete analogue of a 3-fold rotational symmetry (crystallographic point group 3). - The Gaussian integer squaring maps lattice points (a,b) ∈ Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com
Author: Caldin, Andrew Stewart
Language: English
Subfield: Geometry and Topology
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7208805818
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