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Integrated phytoremediation and MgO Si HAP biochar for heavy metal remediation and maize productivity

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils limits crop productivity and presents food safety risks. This study explores an integrated approach combining phytoremediation (PHY) and biochar amendments, specifically a Magnesium Oxide–Silicon–Hydroxyapatite (MOSi-HAP) biochar system, to improve soil health and agricultural output. A 120-day pot experiment was conducted, consisting of two phases: Phase 1 compared different phytoremediation plants ( Brassica juncea L, Vetiveria zizanioides L, Helianthus annuus L), MOSi-HAP biochar (3% w/w), and their combination; Phase 2 assessed maize growth in treated soil versus control. Results indicated that the integrated treatment significantly enhanced soil quality by boosting parameters such as porosity (+ 5.8%), water-holding capacity (+ 12.9%), organic carbon (to 1.10%), and cation exchange capacity (to 12.0 cmol kg⁻¹), while reducing heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni) by 93.8%, 94.3%, 94.2%, and 94.1%, respectively. Maize growth improved, with increases in plant height (from 103 ± 2 cm to 137 ± 3 cm), biomass (from 305 ± 5 g to 528 ± 8 g), and grain yield (from 4.2 ± 0.2 t ha⁻¹ to 7.1 ± 0.3 t ha⁻¹, a + 69.0% increase). Nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium also rose significantly, alongside enhancements in antioxidant enzyme activities and a reduction in oxidative damage (malondialdehyde levels decreased by 69.1%). Grain concentrations of heavy metals fell by 98.0–98.5%, remaining below international food safety standards. Overall, the PHY + MOSi-HAP biochar method effectively reduced heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation, while improving soil quality and maize productivity under pot-culture conditions.

Source: Scientific Reports

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-69783-x

Authors: Sivakumar Durairaj, Sivakumar Durairaj, Shankar Durairaj, Shankar Durairaj, Chitranjan Kumar, H. R. Bhanuprakash

Institutions: Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Amity University

Language: English

Topic: Heavy metals in environment

Subfield: Pollution

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Zero hunger, Life on land, Responsible consumption and production

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,690