The Adversarial Reasoning Method: A Conceptual Framework Proposal Emphasizing Reflection and Long-Term Pattern Integration for Structured Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The Adversarial Reasoning Method (ARM) is a proposed eight-step framework for structured clinical diagnostic reasoning and diagnostic-error research: Observe > Represent > Compete > Attack > Challenge > Update > Reflect > Integrate ARM organizes previously separate, previously published reasoning traditions (Bordage, Kassirer, Croskerry, Mamede & Schmidt) into one sequenced procedure, makes the adversarial step mandatory within the method, and closes the loop with explicit post-case Reflect and Integrate stages. ARM is a conceptual proposal and has not yet been empirically validated. The manuscript does not claim that ARM reduces diagnostic error or improves diagnostic accuracy. Its claimed contribution is narrower: the sequencing of existing reasoning operations, the mandatory placement of the adversarial step, and the addition of the Reflect and Integrate stages. The individual reasoning operations themselves are drawn from existing literature and cited as such. This release presents ARM version 1.7, including the methodological framework, supporting rationale, implementation materials, references, changelog, and documented limitations and development history.
Author: West, Claudia
Language: English
Subfield: Family Practice
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7211887288
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