Unresolved Binary Systems in the Rubin Era I: An Autoencoder Framework for Binary Identification Applied to 47 Tucanae
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Binary systems are extremely common and influence many areas of astrophysics, such as stellar evolution and cluster dynamics. In this work, we introduce flexAE, a framework that combines a classical autoencoder architecture with a dedicated classifier component. It is designed to distinguish between single stars and binary systems based on their broadband spectral energy distributions, using all available photometry simultaneously while accounting for observational uncertainties. We demonstrate the capability of flexAE by using it to identify unresolved main sequence binaries in the outskirts of the 47 Tucanae globular cluster (NGC 104) with photometric data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. We train the model on a simulated sample of single star and binary systems created with stellar atmosphere models. The model accurately reconstructs the photometric input features and achieves a classification accuracy of 0.85 on the simulated test set. We then apply the trained model to a sample of 1,424 cluster members found in Rubin DP1 with reliable $gri$ photometry, of which 32 are identified by the model as unresolved main sequence binaries. This corresponds to an observed binary fraction of $2.2^{+0.5}_{-0.3}$%. We estimate that the intrinsic main sequence binary fraction lies between $3.7^{+0.8}_{-0.5}$% and $7.5^{+1.5}_{-1.1}$%. The binary fraction stays constant between 18-36 arcmin (5.7-11.4 half-light radii) from the cluster center. We highlight that flexAE can be easily adapted for other use cases. This makes flexAE well-suited for large-scale binary classification in upcoming wide-field surveys, such as Rubin LSST. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/tobiasgeron/flexAE.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Institution: University of Toronto
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Awards: G1229526393, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab): Management and Operations of Vera C. Rubin Observatory, Construction of Vera C. Rubin Observatory under the Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) Account, Final Design, Construction and Operations of Vera C. Rubin Observatory, G2371548206, G262532246, G2720911013, G303061748, G4235786860, G4654690619, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab) as a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), G495301720, G498139845, G4998900716, G5570207115, Mapping the Milky Way Across Space and Time, Elucidating Desert Microbial Strategies for Critical Material Acquisition through Spatial Metabolomics and Multi-Omics, G8382000481, G872857259, Establishing a Templeton LSST Early-Career Research Fellowship, G969889393
OpenAlex ID: W7212040654