Structured Covariate-Informed Empirical Orthogonal Functions for Spatio-Temporal Environmental Fields
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Low-rank representations such as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decompositions are widely used for analyzing large spatio-temporal environmental fields. However, conventional EOF identifies latent modes solely from covariance structure and does not utilize observed environmental covariates, limiting its ability to incorporate external information into low-rank representations. This study introduces Structured Covariate-Informed EOF (SCIEOF), a covariate-informed extension of EOF that bridges low-rank dimension reduction and prediction-oriented spatio-temporal modeling. SCIEOF embeds spatial and temporal covariates into the latent bases while incorporating spatio-temporal covariates through an additive component, yielding low-rank representations with latent modes informed by observed covariates. Estimation procedures are developed and evaluated through simulation studies and an application to global near-surface air temperature from the MERRA-2 reanalysis. Simulation studies demonstrate that incorporating informative covariates improves latent structure recovery and predictive accuracy, particularly when the spatial basis is appropriately specified. The advantage is more pronounced at moderate-to-large sample sizes, while methods with stronger structural assumptions remain competitive when data are limited. In the MERRA-2 application, SCIEOF achieves competitive or improved predictive performance relative to commonly used methods while providing a compact and physically interpretable low-rank representation. Overall, SCIEOF provides a flexible and computationally scalable framework for integrating structural covariate information into low-rank spatio-temporal representations, extending EOF toward predictive environmental modeling.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Authors: Huang, Hao-Yun, Tzeng, ShengLi
Institutions: National Dong Hwa University, National Chung Hsing University
Language: English
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Domain: Social Sciences
SDG: Climate action
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7213239916