Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Let $\mathscr L$ denote the set of Liouville numbers. We prove a local arithmetic rigidity theorem for real-analytic functions. If $U\subset\mathbb R$ is an open interval and $f:U\to\mathbb R$ is real-analytic with $f(\mathscr L\cap U)\subseteq\mathscr L$, then $f$ is the restriction to $U$ of a rational function in $\mathbb R(x)$. Quantitatively, there exists an absolute constant $τ>2$ such that, for every nonrational real-analytic function $f$ and every nonempty open subinterval $V\subset U$, the set of $ξ\in V\cap\mathscr L$ satisfying $μ(f(ξ))\leqτ$ contains a Cantor set. As a consequence, every entire function $F:\mathbb C\to\mathbb C$ satisfying $F(\mathscr L)\subseteq \mathscr L$ is a polynomial with real coefficients. This gives a negative answer to a problem posed by Mahler in 1984. The proof develops a two-height counting estimate for rational approximation to analytic graphs, treating source and target denominators separately, and combines it with a nested construction producing Liouville inputs whose images have uniformly bounded irrationality exponent.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Author: Marques, Diego
Subfield: Algebra and Number Theory
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7213254103
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