Work

Integrated sustainability and risk assessment of spectrophotometric methods for determining a veterinary drug combination

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Effective, sustainable, and white spectrophotometric methods were developed for the analytical assessment of both rafoxanide (RAF) and Levamisole HCl (LEV). Both components were resolved by constant multiplication coupled with spectrum subtraction (CM-SS), ratio subtraction coupled with spectrum subtraction (RS-SS), LEV was additionally determined by derivative ratio (DD 1 ), or progressively by absorbance subtraction (AS), amplitude modulation (AM), and concentration value (CNV) methods based on isosbestic point and a normalized divisor. For RAF and LEV, the linearity range was set to be either 3.0–40.0 µg/mL or 1.0–15.0 µg/mL and 1.0–13.0 µg/mL, respectively. All proposed methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. No significant differences were found compared to the reported methods. The developed spectrophotometric procedures adhered to the principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC) and were evaluated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE). The blueness assessment was conducted using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI). Whiteness was additionally assessed using the RGB 12 tool. Furthermore, a recent approach to risk assessment was conducted using the Cumulative Validation Score (CVS) to evaluate the methodological risk of the methods. The proposed approaches provide practical and sustainable options for routine QC.

Source: Scientific Reports

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-67652-1

Authors: Mahmoud G. Hagag, Ahmed H. Nadim, Maha Kamal, Samah S. Abbas, Nesma M. Fahmy

Institutions: Cairo University, Ahram Canadian University

Language: English

Topic: Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals

Subfield: Analytical Chemistry

Field: Chemistry

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,690

Funder: Science and Technology Development Fund