Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: In this study, the development of an ultrasound method for extraction of phenolic compounds from barley waste using acidic deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DES) was investigated. Optimization of the extraction parameters, which include extraction time, temperature, and ultrasound power (UP), was performed using the One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) experimental design, followed by HPLC-PDA for determination of total quantified phenolic content (TQPC). In addition, the influence of water addition on TQPC was evaluated. The Maximum TQPC obtained was 5.78 mg/g using ChCl: formic acid at a molar ratio (1:2) and optimal conditions of (70 °C, 30 min, 80% UP, 10% water), and 4.67 mg/g, using ChCl: tartaric acid at a molar ratio (1:2) and optimal conditions of (70 °C, 25 min, 100% UP, and 20% water). The obtained TQPC was 5- and 4-fold higher in comparison with 70% methanol and 70% ethanol extraction. LC–MS-qTOF analysis of DES extracts revealed diverse phenolic compounds, while the concentration range of compounds obtained was as follows: ferulic acid (0.86–2.47 mg/g), catechin (0.12–2.16 mg/g), p -coumaric acid (0.12–0.32 mg/g), naringenin (0.54–0.86 mg/g), and apigenin (0.15–0.91 mg/g). SEM analysis confirmed enhanced accessibility of lignocellulose in DES-treated samples. The sustainability of UAE-DES extraction was assessed using AGREE, AGREEprep, CACI, BAGI, and CaFRI green tools. The grade assessment of each tool resulted in scores: 0.63 for AGREE, 0.57 for AGREEprep, 65 for CACI, 82.5 for BAGI, and 72 for CaFRI, indicating a greener extraction performance of UAE-DES in comparison with 70% methanol and 70% ethanol extraction.
Source: Frontiers in Analytical Science
Language: English
Subfield: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Field: Chemistry
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,353
OpenAlex ID: W7214749800