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Validation and modification of a Chinese smell identification test (CSIT-12) in patients with Parkinson's disease and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Background: To enhance olfactory screening for Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or rapid-eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) by developing and modifying a Chinese Smell Identification Test 12 (CSIT-12). Methods: In a discovery cohort, 69 PD patients and 47 healthy controls (HCs) were tested on 24 distinct odors using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12 (SSST-12) and CSIT-12. The 12 odors with the highest area under the curve (AUC) were selected to construct the Chinese version of the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12 (C-SSST-12). This newly developed test was then validated in an independent cohort comprising 48 PD patients, 48 RBD patients, and 48 HCs. The reliability and validity of SSST-12, CSIT-12, C-SSST-12, and further abbreviated odor subsets were compared. Results: < 0.001). Both the CSIT-12 and SSST-12 demonstrated good discriminative capacity for PD versus HCs (CSIT-12: AUC = 0.832, sensitivity = 77.1%, specificity = 83.3%; SSST-12: AUC = 0.913, sensitivity = 85.4%, specificity = 81.3%) and RBD versus HCs (CSIT-12: AUC = 0.881, sensitivity = 85.4%, specificity = 83.3%; SSST-12: AUC = 0.893, sensitivity = 79.2%, specificity = 81.3%). Notably, the C-SSST-12 achieved the highest discriminative performance for PD versus HCs (AUC = 0.930, sensitivity = 81.3%, specificity = 85.4%) and RBD versus HCs (AUC = 0.949, sensitivity = 89.6%, specificity = 85.4%). A 5-odor CSIT-12 subset and a 3-odor C-SSST-12 subset retained high discriminative validity. Conclusions: This study highlights the discriminative value of utilizing culturally familiar odors for the screening of PD and RBD in Chinese populations. Furthermore, the abbreviated odor subsets offer highly efficient, rapid screening options suitable for community-based testing and fast-paced clinical environments.
DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100507
Authors: Xiao-Niu Liang, Xiao-Yue Wang, Jian-Cai Zhu, Yun-Wei Niu, Cong Fu, Hua-Lan Yang, Jian Wang, Huan Yu, Zuo-Bing Xiao, Yi-Min Sun
Institutions: Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Language: English
Subfield: Sensory Systems
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,730
Funders: Shanghai Association for Science and Technology, Shanghai Lingjun Program, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, National Science and Technology Major Project
OpenAlex ID: W7215076351
FWCI:
Cites: 31
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Related to: 10