Interplay Between the Gut Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) develops when pancreatic beta cells progressively fail to compensate for insulin resistance in a host environment shaped by diet, adiposity, aging, medications, and genetics. Gut microbial dysbiosis and oxidative stress are often treated as parallel abnormalities; however, evidence increasingly supports a bidirectional microbiome–redox axis. Reduced butyrate production, altered bile-acid and amino-acid metabolism, intestinal barrier failure, and microbial products can promote mitochondrial dysfunction, NADPH oxidase activity, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling. Conversely, hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity, inflammation, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species remodel the intestinal habitat, favoring inflammation-adapted organisms and reinforcing dysbiosis. This review synthesizes evidence linking this circuit to insulin-responsive tissues, pancreatic islets, regulated cell death, and diabetic complications and critically examines dietary, microbiome-directed, antioxidant, glucose-lowering, and metabolic-surgical interventions. Human evidence is strongest for reproducible functional shifts, medication–microbiome interactions, and modest benefits of selected dietary and biotic interventions, whereas redox mediation and durable clinical efficacy remain heterogeneous. Future studies should integrate longitudinal metagenomics, metabolomics, validated redox biomarkers, strain-level and spatial sampling, and causal designs to identify patients with T2D most likely to benefit from microbiome–redox precision therapy.
Source: Antioxidants
Authors: Ji-Won Kim, Ye-Jee Lee, Kyuho Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko
Language: English
Topic: Gut microbiota and health
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,499
OpenAlex ID: W7215880337