Work

Comparative effects of B4C and h-BN nanoparticles on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with a rapeseed biodiesel blend

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study compared B 4 C and h-BN nanoparticles separately added at 25, 50, and 100 ppm to a 50:50 rapeseed methyl ester diesel blend (B50). A single cylinder, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine was tested at 2000 rpm under five brake loads (1–3 kW). Fuel thermal conductivity, BSFC, BTE, CO, CO 2 HC, and NO X emissions, smoke density, EGT, and noise level were evaluated. Relative to D100, B50 increased load averaged BSFC, NO X , and EGT by 13.65%, 12.52%, and 6.24%, respectively, while reducing BTE, CO, HC, smoke density, and noise level by 7.79%, 15.41%, 9.84%, 31.87%, and 0.657 dB(A), respectively. Among the nanoparticle enriched B50 fuels, B50BN50 yielded the lowest BSFC and highest BTE, reducing BSFC by 4.66% and increasing BTE by 4.22% relative to B50. B50BN50 exhibited the highest measured mean thermal conductivity, reaching 0.282 W m⁻ 1 K⁻ 1 at 35 °C, corresponding to a 43.15% increase relative to the nanoparticle free B50 blend. B50BN100 produced the largest CO and HC reductions, ranging across loads from 34.78% to 50.00% and from 24.56% to 39.24%, respectively, relative to B50, and lowered load averaged noise level by 1.621 dB. B50BC50 provided the greatest load averaged smoke density reduction (24.15%). However, nanoformulations increased load averaged NO X emissions by 4.28–16.18% relative to B50.

Source: Scientific Reports

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-74461-z

Authors: İbrahim Gündüz, Fatma Oflaz, Turan Gürgenç

Institutions: Bingöl University, Elazığ Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Fırat University

Language: English

Topic: Biodiesel Production and Applications

Subfield: Biomedical Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Affordable and clean energy, Climate action

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,690