Dense connectivity in networks of red-flag language milestones among high screen-time children
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction: Screen time may influence language development during early childhood, although its effects may vary depending on contextual factors. While screen use can support development when guided by adults, excessive exposure has been associated with less favorable language outcomes. Methods: = 3.03 years, SD = 1.37) were obtained from the 2023 National Survey of Children's Health. Networks of red-flag language milestones were estimated separately for children aged 1-2 and 3-5 years. Participants were classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) screen-time recommendations (<1 h/day vs. ≥1 h/day). Results: Partially regularized network models revealed denser connectivity among language-development indicators in children with higher levels of screen exposure. This pattern was reflected in a greater number of network edges and fully connected subclusters and was particularly pronounced among children aged 3-5 years. Discussion: The findings suggest that higher screen-time exposure is associated with more interconnected patterns of language-development difficulties during early childhood. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of language development in the context of children's screen use and may provide useful insights for families, educational professionals, and policymakers interested in promoting healthy developmental environments and informed decisions regarding screen exposure.
Source: Frontiers in Psychology
Institutions: Universidad de Granada, University of Southern Denmark
Language: English
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W7219807676