Cardiovascular System Responses to Hypoxia: Physiological, Cellular, and Molecular Mechanisms
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Stress represents a universal physiological response to internal or external stimuli that threaten homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a pivotal role in mediating both acute and chronic stress responses through coordinated regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological mechanisms underlying stress and examines their effects on autonomic nervous system function. Particular attention is given to the interaction between the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic modulation, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Acute stress responses are characterized by adaptive sympathetic activation that enhances cardiovascular performance, energy mobilization, and alertness. In contrast, chronic stress leads to sustained autonomic imbalance, marked by sympathetic dominance and reduced parasympathetic activity, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Understanding stress-related autonomic regulation is essential for identifying mechanisms of stress-induced pathology and for developing effective strategies aimed at restoring autonomic balance and maintaining long-term health.
Author: Irgasheva Dildora Ganiyevna
Institution: Andijan State Medical Institute
Language: English
Subfield: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7220328319