Work

Biological effects of dental resin composites on human gingival fibroblasts: a systematic review of in vitro evidence

Year: 2026

Type: review

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This systematic review summarized and synthesized the in vitro biological effects of resin composites (RCs) on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) to clarify their isolated cellular biocompatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed database using a PECOS framework to identify in vitro studies evaluating HGF responses to RCs. Two independent reviewers screened literature, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality (QUIN tool) and certainty of the evidence (GRADE framework). RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies comprising 185 distinct experiments across eight outcome measures were included. Marked heterogeneity was observed regarding RC composition (7 categories), specimen geometry, cell lines, and experimental durations. When evaluating cellular survival and damage independently, 27% of cytotoxicity experiments reported significant cell damage/death, while 45% of cell viability assays demonstrated a decreased metabolic activity. DNA damage was prominent, with 50% of 18 experiments reporting significant alterations. Significant increases occurred in reactive oxygen species production (71%) and inflammatory mediator release (62%). Conversely, 85% of morphology experiments showed no significant alterations. The overall certainty of evidence was graded as low to moderate. CONCLUSION: Dental resin composites can induce notable, independent adverse biological responses in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro, characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory mediator release, DNA damage, and compromised viability. While highlighting a clear potential for toxicity, the low-to-moderate certainty and lack of physiological simulations leave their direct clinical significance open to further investigation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Synthesized evidence indicates that dental RCs exert moderate in vitro biological effects on gingival fibroblasts, including DNA-damage and inflammatory responses.

Source: Clinical Oral Investigations

DOI: 10.1007/s00784-026-07149-3

Authors: Elmira Boloori, Dagmar E. Slot, Bruno G. Loos, Teun J. de Vries, Fridus G.A. van der Weijden

Institutions: Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam

Language: English

Topic: Dental materials and restorations

Subfield: General Dentistry

Field: Dentistry

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $4,790