Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The Einstein Probe (EP) has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP260321a, whose optical counterpart was subsequently classified as a broad-lined Type Ic supernova. Its observed rise time of about 690 s is inconsistent with theoretical predictions for shock breakout (SBO) from a Wolf–Rayet star, which is typically regarded as the progenitor of envelope-stripped supernovae. In this Letter, we propose that EP260321a arose from an SBO within extended circumstellar matter (CSM), where breakout photons were initially trapped, then diffused out of the unshocked CSM as the ejecta expanded and the opacity decreased. We modeled this photon diffusion process using both Monte Carlo simulations and an analytical approach to describe the temperature evolution. Through Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling, we obtain the best-fit CSM parameters of log 10 ( M csm / M ⊙ ) = − 3 . 3 − 0.2 + 0.3 for the total CSM mass, R in = 16 0 − 23 + 45 R ⊙ for the inner CSM radius, and R out = 61 2 − 35 + 47 R ⊙ for the outer CSM radius. The presence of such a dense CSM indicates that the progenitor of EP260321a underwent episodic mass loss just days before the explosion, providing new observational constraints on the late-stage evolution of massive stars.
Authors: Maokai Hu, Yi 轶 Yang 杨, Xiaofeng Wang
Institution: Tsinghua University
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,400
OpenAlex ID: W7220650431