Work

Nearly ninety percent of Indonesian coffee area is classified as deforestation-free under the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Indonesia is the third-largest coffee producer globally and exports a substantial share of its production to European Union (EU) countries. Recent implementation of the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which requires deforestation-free supply chains, highlights the need for spatially-explicit coffee mapping to support the assessment of coffee-associated deforestation. In this study, we utilized multitemporal and multi-sensor remote sensing to produce annual maps of coffee distribution from 2016 to 2024. We analyzed the spatial patterns of annual coffee distribution during this period, and evaluated the potential implications of EUDR for coffee production in Indonesia. Our maps of coffee agroecosystems demonstrate an overall classification accuracy exceeding 80%, and are broadly consistent with independent coffee datasets (i.e. national statistics and coffee probability maps from the Forest Data Partnership). We detected a net increase of ∼16% in coffee area over the eight-year period, although the patterns of change vary across provinces. Based on these findings, we estimate that 87.9% of the mapped coffee area in 2024 meets the EUDR deforestation-free criterion, and only a relatively small proportion of agroecosystems are classified as non-deforestation-free. These findings highlight opportunities for spatially targeted EUDR implementation, where deforestation-free coffee agroecosystems can be supported towards meeting broader EUDR requirements, while areas associated with forest conversion can be supported towards other pathways, such as sustainable agricultural practices, restoration, and forest conservation.

Source: Environmental Research Letters

DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aeb1e2

Authors: Tin W Satriawan, Xiangzhong Luo, Shafira Nur Ramdhania, Agustín Escobar-López, Anggun Tridawati

Institutions: National University of Singapore, ETH Zurich, Lampung University

Language: English

Topic: Oil Palm Production and Sustainability

Subfield: Ecology

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Life on land, Climate action

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,045