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Blockchain-enabled IoT security: a multi-layered framework for smart contract vulnerability detection and optimization

Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The exponential expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications has raised critical issues about data security, integrity, and scalability, especially in IoT systems based on a centralized architecture. The decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain technology provides a compelling alternative; but smart contract (SC) security and efficiency is still a critical issue. This research presents a layered, pipeline-based approach for secure and efficient deployment of SCs, with IoT and decentralized storage. The framework integrates real-time IoT data collection, secure data pre-processing, SCs development, SCs vulnerability detection and gas optimization into a single system. To overcome storage constraints, the approach uses InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for off-chain data storage, with on-chain hashes ensuring data integrity. The framework uses a multi-tool analysis to identify SC vulnerabilities and deploy and test them on the Sepolia Testnet. In addition to this, the framework adopts statistical validation methods such as Paired t-test (P–t Test), Kruskal–Wallis test(K-W Test) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (WS-R Test) to assess the performance improvement and validate the effectiveness of the optimization approaches. Simulation-based testing results reveal that the proposed framework leads to lower gas usage, faster execution, and better security compared to conventional methods. The findings show that the proposed framework offers a scalable, secure, and efficient approach to design real-time IoT-based SC systems, which can be applied to environmental monitoring and smart city systems.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-70310-1
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,690
OpenAlex ID: W7221024271
FWCI:
Cites: 60
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Related to: 10