Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) is a 112 tonne active mass liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) situated in the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab, forming part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. SBND began operation in 2024 and has since accumulated the world's largest sample of neutrino-argon interactions. This paper describes the as-built detector and presents performance results from the first year of beam operation. All detector systems performed at or above design requirements. The liquid argon purity achieved an electron lifetime exceeding 30ms, ten times the design requirement, for more than 95% of Run 1. The TPC wire plane readout achieved noise levels at the theoretical minimum for the given wire geometry (an average of 388e$^-$ for the 4m long collection plane wires) with 99.3% of readout channels live. Together, the liquid argon purity and TPC performance are enabling extremely clean event reconstruction in the SBND TPC. The photon detection system, consisting of passive reflectors and multiple active components (PMTs and X-ARAPUCAs), has achieved a light yield exceeding 10 photoelectrons per MeV throughout the detector volume and a timing resolution of a few nanoseconds, sufficient to resolve the 19ns bunch structure of the Booster Neutrino Beam. A nearly 4$π$ cosmic ray tagger system surrounds the TPC to mitigate cosmic backgrounds in neutrino and BSM physics analyses. The data acquisition system has demonstrated stable performance up to an event rate of 8Hz, and a data collection efficiency of 98.6% was achieved throughout SBND's first neutrino run in 2025. These results demonstrate that SBND represents the state of the art in multi-tonne-scale LArTPC detector performance.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Authors: SBND Collaboration, Abratenko, P., Acciarri, R., Adams, C., Alafaro, T., Aliaga-Soplin, L., Alvarez-Garrote, R., Ameel, J., Aldana, D. Andrade, Andreopoulos, C., Antonakis, A., Arellano, L., Asaadi, J., Badgett, W., Bagby, L., Balasubramanian, S., Barker, D., Barnard, A., Barnes, C., Barros, N., Basharina-Freshville, A., Basque, V., Bateman, J. R., Bazetto, M. C., Beever, A., Behera, B., Belchior, E., Beltramello, O., Betancourt, M., Bhat, A., Biery, K., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Bogart, B., Boissevain, J., Bonifazi, C., Motzkin, J. Book, Botogoske, G., Brailsford, D., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brickner, S., Brooks, T., Brunetti, M. B., Buccino, G., Bullock, A., Buzzard, G. A. N., Camilleri, L., Caratelli, D., Carber, D., Carlson, B., Carneiro, M. F., Cascella, M., Fernandez, R. Castillo, Cavanna, F., Chalifour, M., Chambouvet, P., Chan, A., Chappell, A., Chen, H., Chung, S., Cianci, D., Cicala, M. F., Coackley, R., Cooper-Troendle, L., Crespo-Anadon, J. I., Cristaldo, E., Cuesta, C., Dabburi, Y., Dalager, O., Dall'Olio, M., Darby, R., Astiz, I. de Icaza, Del Tutto, M., Dennis, S., Di Benedetto, V., Dixon, S., Donnachie, M., Djurcic, Z., Pimentel, V. do Lago, Dominguez-Vidales, S., Doubnik, R., Dubnowski, M., Duffy, K., Dytman, S., Elvin, A., Ereditato, A., Espinoza, E., Estrada, J., Evans, J. J., Ezeribe, A. C., Fan, C., Farrell, J., Filkins, A., Fleming, B., Foreman, W., Franco, D., Frandini, H., Freestone, J., Fricano, G., Fried, J., Friend, D., Furic, I., Furmanski, A. P., Gamble, T., Gao, S., Garcia-Gamez, D., Gardiner, S., Ge, G., Geynisman, M., Gil-Botella, I., Gollapinni, S., Goodman, M., Goodwin, O., Green, P., Greenlee, H., Griffith, W. C., Guenette, R., Guzowski, P., Hagaman, L., Ham, T., Hamer, A., Hamilton, P., Hanni, R., Hardin, K., Harris, B., Hentschel, S., Hergenhan, A., Hernandez-Morquecho, M., Hilgenberg, C., Hill, C., Hoffman, A., Holanda, P., Holin, A., Howard, B., Howe, B., Howell, J., Hrivnak, J., James, C., James, C., Johnson, T., Jones, R. S., Jung, M., Junk, T., Jwa, Y. -J., Kalra, D., Karagiorgi, G., Kashur, L., Kelly, K. J., Ketchum, W., Kim, M. J., King, M., Klein, J., Kotsiopoulou, L., Das, S. Kr, Kreslo, I., Kroupova, T., Kubecki, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumar, F., Langstaff, M., Larkin, J., Laureto, K., Lay, H., LaZur, R., Leigh, G., Lepetic, I., Li, J. -Y., Lin, K., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, F., Liu, L., Lockwitz, S., Lorca, D., Louis, W. C., Lukhanin, G., Luo, X., Machado, A. A., Machado, P., Mahler, G., Kancharla, S. Manohari, Marcocci, S., Mariani, C., Marinho, F., Marshall, J., Martinez, L., Martin-Morales, C., Mastbaum, A., Mavrokoridis, K., McConkey, N., McCusker, B., Mclaughlin, J., Meddage, V., Mendez, D., Mercer, I., Mettler, T., Miao, T., Micheli, M., Miller, G., Mishins, D., Mistry, K., Mladenov, D., Mogan, A., Molina, J., Montanari, D., Mooney, M., Moor, A. F., Moreno-Granados, G., Morgadinho-Inacio, F., Moura, C. A., Mousseau, J., Mueller, J., Mulleriababu, S., Najdzion, J., de Oliveira, R. Natieli, Navrer-Agasson, A., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nessi, M., Nguyen, V. C. L., Ni, S., Nichols, T., Nicolas-Arnaldos, F., Norris, B., Northrop, R., Nowak, J., Oh, S. B., Olorife, O., Oza, N., Pagliuso, L., Palamara, O., Pallat, N., Pandey, V., Papadopoulou, A., Parkinson, H. B., Pater, J., Paton, J., Paulucci, L., Pavlovic, Z., Payne, D., Pelegrina-Gutierrez, L., Peres, O. L. G., Pfaff, R., Pietropaolo, F., Plows, J., Poirot, J., Pinto, I. D. Ponce, Popov, A., Psihas, F., Pushka, D., Putnam, G., Qian, X., Qie, Y., Radeka, V., Raguzin, E., Rajagopalan, R., Ratoff, P., Ray, H., Rebel, B., Rechenmacher, R., Reggiani-Guzzo, M., Resnati, F., Rivera, D., Roberts, A., Roda, M., Rodrigues, O., Romeo-Araujo, J., Ross-Lonergan, M., Rowe, N., Roy, P., Rumore, M., Sanchez-Castillo, A., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Savage, G., Scanavini, G., Scarff, A., Scherf, A., Schmitz, D. W., Schneider, A., Schukraft, A., Schwartz, F., Scofield, W., Scott, H., Segreto, E., Semovski, Z., Sensenig, J., Shaevitz, M., Sharankova, R., Shetty, S., Shiba, K., Singh, P., Slater, B., Smith, J., Soares-Nunes, M., Soderberg, M., Soldner-Rembold, S., Spagliardi, F., Spanu, M., Spitz, J., Spooner, N., Stancari, M., Stefanik, A., Stenico, G. V., Strauss, T., Sutcliffe, P., Sutton, K., Szelc, A. M., Tang, W., Thorn, C., Thorpe, C., Tillman, J., Timilsina, A., Torretta, D., Totani, D., Toups, M., Touramanis, C., Tripathi, M., Tufanli, S., Tung, L., Tyley, E., Valdiviesso, S. Unnikrishnan G. A., Van de Water, R., Vazquez-Ramos, A., de Osa, A. Verdugo, Ferre, B. Villa, Wan, L., Weber, M., Wei, H., West, Z., Wester, T., White, A. J., Wilkinson, A., Wilson, P., Wongjirad, T., Worcester, E., Worcester, M., Wright, M., Wu, W., Yadav, S., Yandel, E., Yang, T., Yarbrough, G., Yates, L., Yebes, S., Yu, J., Yu, B., Yu, H., Zamazal, V., Zamorano, B., Zeglam, A., Zennamo, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zuckerbrot, M.
Institutions: University of Notre Dame, University of Minnesota, University of Michigan, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, University of Oxford, University of Palermo, European Organization for Nuclear Research, University of Sheffield, Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer, University of Edinburgh, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Colorado State University, Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Language: English
Topic: Neutrino Physics Research
Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Arthritis National Research Foundation, Comunidad de Madrid, UK Research and Innovation, Royal Society, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Office of Science, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Advanced Scientific Computing Research, High Energy Physics, Laboratory Directed Research and Development, Argonne National Laboratory, Fermilab, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Awards: G102163711, G107546177, G1313983767, G1454113806, G1664757510, G2011917337, G2287611682, G2376186588, Probes of new physics and technological advancements from particle and gravitational wave physics experiments. A cooperative Europe - United States - Asia effort., G262962599, AVANÇO DA PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO NA UNIFAL-MG ATRAVÉS DA CRIAÇÃO DE REDES DE COLABORAÇÃO INTERNACIONAIS, G3075337988, G3248584790, G4899188090, G498139845, G513797252, G5398989114, G5560389312, Advancement and Innovation for Detectors at Accelerators, G6256534168, G6299894259, G6471802762, G6909882080, G6918803902, G7410551273, INTENSE: particle physics experiments at the high intensity frontier, from new physics to spin-offs. A cooperative Europe - United States - Japan effort., G788322952, DESENVOLVIMENTO DE FARÓIS AUTOMOTIVOS ADAPTATIVOS COM USO DE INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL EMBARCADA, G8293140125, G8581667079, G8755702448, G878601127, G8961030598, G993149817
OpenAlex ID: W7222775516