Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils and Seed Extracts of Anethum graveolens from Southern Morocco: In Vitro andIn Silico Approach for a Natural Alternative to Synthetic Preservatives
Year: 2023
Type: article
Abstract: The fragrant herb Anethum graveolens has a long history of medicinal usage, particularly asan antispasmodic and carminative. Essential oils and seed extracts collected in Errachidia, southernMorocco, will have their chemical compositions examined in this research. We will also test theseoils and extracts for antibacterial and anti-oxidant capabilities. According to the GC-MS results, theprimary components of the hydrodistillation-isolated EO were E-anethole (38.13%), es-tragole(29.32%), fenchone (17.21%), and α-pinene (7.37%). Using decoction and Soxhlet extractiontechniques, the phenolic components were removed. Different extracts of A. graveolens had varyingconcentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins, according to the phenoliccompound test. The decoction was subjected to HPLC/UV-ESI-MS tests, which revealed a widerange of molecular structures. Among these, the most significant ones were 12.35% umbelliferone,11.23% 3-hydroxyflavone, 8.95% rosmanol, 8.36% bi-otin, 4.91% emmotin H, and 4.21% coumarin.The antioxidant activity, as measured by three methods (DPPH•, FRAP, and CAT), showed that theextracts and essential oils (EOs) could effectively fight harmful free radicals, regulate the productionof reactive oxygen species, and reduce oxidative damage. Eos and extracts were tested in a liquidmedia for their antibacterial activity against five different strains of bacteria: E. cloacae, K.pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. Additionally, they were tested against fourdifferent types of candidiasis: C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, as wellas Aspergillus niger. When compared to the aqueous, ethanolic, and decoction extracts, the findingsdemonstrated that the EOs were more efficient against the majority of the bacteria tested. Not onlythat, but the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract was different from the other extracts. Thestudy's essential oils' antimicrobial properties are mainly due to the synergistic interactions of Eanethole, estragole, and fenchone, which are its three main ingredients. The chosen bioactivechemicals interact and stabilize with several target proteins that have antioxidant and antibacterialeffects, according to molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. With strongerbinding energies to the investigated proteins, compounds such as 3-hydroxyflavone, emmotin H,trans-caftaric acid, me-thyl rosmarinate, 1-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucose, and kaempferol showed promiseas antioxidant and antibacterial agents. Finally, our results highlight the importance of A. graveolensseeds as a potential source of bioactive substances with positive health effects that potentially replace
Language: English
Subfield: Food Science
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
Funder: King Saud University
Award: G442606308
OpenAlex ID: W7221293572