A rapid, genetically-tractable human iPSC-derived model for studying tissue-resident macrophage biology in Alzheimer’s and other diseases
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Large-scale genetic and preclinical studies strongly implicate myeloid cells, particularly brain-resident macrophages, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells and other cholesterol-rich cellular debris is a core macrophage function and represents an active area of AD research. However, human tissue-resident macrophages remain difficult to model in vitro as they acquire their transcriptional and functional identities in response to signals from their host tissue microenvironment. Many existing differentiation protocols mimic human brain macrophage developmental trajectories, but these protocols rely either on multi-step cytokine cocktails and lengthy differentiation or transduction of multiple transcription factors, both of which introduce variability and complicate genetic manipulation. To address these limitations, we developed a simplified protocol that generates high-purity (>90% CD45+CD11b+) human iPSC-derived macrophage-like cells (iMacs) from cryopreservable erythro-myeloid progenitor (EMP)-like intermediates in 19 days, including a final 7-day maturation step driven by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) alone. Transcriptomic profiling reveals that iMacs show enrichment for phagocytic and lysosomal programs, processes integral to efferocytosis. At both the transcriptional and protein level, iMacs have higher expression of scavenger receptors such as CD36 , CD163 and MRC1 , and of AD risk genes such as TREM2 and APOE . Functionally, iMacs show enhanced phagocytic uptake of diverse substrates relative to iPSC-derived microglia, including carboxylated latex beads, zymosan, amyloid-β 1-42, and amyloid-β 1-40, and exhibit expanded lysosomal mass. Robust TREM2 expression and signaling make iMacs a sensitive platform for interrogating TREM2 biology, with markedly higher phosphorylation of SYK and PLCγ2 in response to TREM2 engagement compared to iPSC-derived microglia. iMacs also tolerate lipid-mediated siRNA transfection with high survival and knockdown efficiency, enabling rapid genetic perturbation of AD risk genes. Together, these features make iMacs a practical, scalable, and genetically tractable human macrophage model for studying the regulation and cell biology of core macrophage functions that are known to play critical roles in AD, aging, and other disorders.
Institution: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Language: English
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: New York Stem Cell Foundation, BrightFocus Foundation, Washington University in St. Louis, Cure Alzheimer's Fund, Wellcome Trust, Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance, National Institutes of Health, University of California, Irvine, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, National Institute on Aging, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Awards: G1643043420, G1858357793, G3194319764, G5407432270, G5534598422, G5653276655, G6171434215, G6177305277, G8556467429, Investigating transcription factors (TFs) as therapeutic targets to reprogram pathological microglial states in Alzheimer's disease, Integrative genomic and functional genomic studies to connect variant to function for CAD GWAS loci, Conduits: Mount Sinai Health System Translational Science Hub, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Biology and pathobiology of apoE in aging and Alzheimer's disease, Translational Immunology Training Program, The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at the University of California, Irvine, The Tisch Cancer Institute - Cancer Center Support Grant, Neuroprotective signaling and transcriptional pathways in microglia associated with Alzheimer's disease
OpenAlex ID: W7221521386