Work

Energy vulnerability from a building perspective: An EPC-based assessment and retrofitting analysis in the Basque country

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Energy vulnerability is increasingly recognised as a structural issue linked to the energy performance of the residential building stock. Conventional expenditure-based indicators may underestimate its extent because financially constrained households can reduce consumption below adequate comfort levels. This study proposes an alternative approach based on estimated energy requirements derived from Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs). Using administrative data representing 11,902 dwellings in the Debabarrena region of the Basque Country, Spain, energy vulnerability is measured through Foster–Greer–Thorbecke indices. The analysis also evaluates the potential effect of simulated energy-efficiency improvements. It shows that the incidence of energy vulnerability falls from 12.08% initially to 7.37% after potential G-to-F improvements and to 4.23% when eligible G-rated dwellings reach an E-equivalent consumption level. These results indicate that targeted renovation of the least efficient dwellings could substantially reduce structural energy vulnerability and provide policymakers with a practical basis for prioritising buildings and areas for further rehabilitation assessment and support.

Source: Energy and Buildings

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118380

Authors: Oihana Aristondo, Eneritz Onaindia

Institution: University of the Basque Country

Language: English

Topic: Building energy efficiency and sustainability

Subfield: Building and Construction

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Sustainable cities and communities, Affordable and clean energy, Climate action, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $4,260