Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Peri-implantitis represents a complex osteoimmune disorder characterized by dysregulated cellular ecosystems that drive chronic inflammation and accelerated peri-implant bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article was designed as a narrative scoping review to map and integrate the available evidence from transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry to construct a comprehensive cellular atlas of peri-implantitis. KEY FINDINGS: neutrophil subsets with NETosis-associated activity, inflammatory macrophage states, altered Th17/Treg-related immune responses, and expanded B-cell/plasma-cell compartments forming organized adaptive immune niches. Proposed molecular mechanisms include NF-κB-related inflammatory activation, CXCL13-associated adaptive immune organization, NETosis-related pathways, and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenic signaling. However, several of these pathways remain incompletely validated in human peri-implantitis tissue. Critical knowledge gaps include limited direct evidence for NLRP3 inflammasome activation, uncharacterized type I interferon signaling, unresolved hierarchies of cellular RANKL sources, and limited functional data for rare immune populations. CONCLUSIONS: The peri-implantitis osteoimmune microenvironment constitutes a highly organized, self-reinforcing inflammatory ecosystem. Progress toward precision therapeutic strategies requires spatial multiomics at subcellular resolution, longitudinal human studies, and functional ex vivo validation models to interrogate the self-sustaining circuits identified here.
Source: Periodontology 2000
DOI: 10.1111/prd.70095
Language: English
Subfield: Oral Surgery
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,430
OpenAlex ID: W7221702287