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A Robust Numerical Framework for Multi-Strain Epidemics

Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Epidemiological models often take the form of systems of differential equations of varying levels of complexity. In multi-strain models, complexity arises from the interaction of diverse pathogen types that may exhibit different patterns of cross-immunity due to the host's immune system. Where previous work has tended to focus on theoretical analysis of this complexity, or model simplification, less effort has been given to efficient numerical exploration of full multi-strain disease dynamics. Here, we propose a computational framework for representing multi-strain disease transmission models, through a mathematically transparent hard-coded mapping between sets and integers. By mapping infection histories into Boolean matrices, the framework eliminates explicit iteration over strain combinations while preserving key biological processes, including sequential infection and partial cross-immunity. Benchmark comparisons of numerical solutions of our matrix formulation and a set-indexed implementation demonstrate substantial performance gains. Across models with increasing numbers of strains, the matrix formulation consistently reduces runtime, with a speedup exceeding two orders of magnitude for systems with 11 strains. We present an application of this approach to the case of COVID-19 in Indonesia, focusing on the replacement of the Delta variant by Omicron. We hope that our approach represents a robust computational approach to automatically generate diverse multi-strain epidemic models that can be solved in a computationally efficient manner for a variety of scientific and public-health questions.
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.15796
Language: English
Open Access status: green
Funders: Wellcome Trust, UK Research and Innovation, University of Manchester, Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan, Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, Medical Research Council
OpenAlex ID: W7221798552
Cites: 4
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Related to: 10